Re: Atlas Of Anatomy
Avery Blaschko
ANATOMY 3D ATLAS allows you to study human anatomy in an easy and interactive way. Through a simple and intuitive interface it is possible to observe, by highly detailed 3D models, every anatomical structure of the human body from any angle.
e-Anatomy is a high-quality anatomy and imaging content atlas. It is the most complete reference of human anatomy available on the Web, iPad, iPhone and Android devices. Explore detailed anatomical views and multiple modalities (over 8,900 anatomic structures and more than 870,000 translated medical labels) with images in CT, MRI, radiographs, anatomical diagrams and nuclear images. Available in 12 languages.
IMAIOS is a company which aims to assist and train human and animal practitioners. Serving healthcare professionals through interactive anatomy atlases, medical imaging, collaborative database of clinical cases, online courses...
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As the oldest scientific discipline in medicine, anatomy dates at least as far back as the ancient Egyptians, whose elaborate embalming methods necessitated a familiarity with organs and body parts. Hippocrates described the heart and blood vessels in establishing medicine as a scientific field in the 5th century BC. In modern times, generations of aspiring doctors have learned about anatomy in their first year of medical school, in part by dissecting human cadavers in the lab.
More than that, the Amara Yad Project will educate medical students, trainees and others on past and present moral stains on the profession while supporting corrective measures that address the damage, restore trust and educate a new generation of physicians on their sacred duty to ethically serve their patients.
Dr. Shivkumar was unfamiliar with the Pernkopf history in 2002, the year he established the UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center. As an electrophysiologist, his focus is on abnormal heart rhythms. Although most arrhythmias are benign, an improperly beating heart can negatively affect blood flow to vital organs. As many as 6 million Americans have atrial fibrillation, which can produce palpitations, chronic fatigue and shortness of breath that severely impede quality of life. In the most lethal cases, untreated arrhythmias can lead to cardiac arrest or stroke.
Kalyanam Shivkumar was born in 1968 in Chennai (then called Madras), located on the Bay of Bengal in southeastern India. His father was a mathematician, his mother a chemistry teacher. His grandfather had been a journalist who spent eight years in prison after being charged with sedition for publishing a newspaper directed by Mahatma Gandhi; he was released after India achieved independence in 1947 and went on to serve as a member of parliament.
Knowing the sordid origin story behind the Pernkopf atlas raised a moral dilemma. If the books contained critical information that could be used for the benefit of patients, should they nonetheless be disregarded given that the information came from the exploitation of Nazi victims?
In particular, the Pernkopf work was viewed as peerless when it came to its utility for peripheral-nerve surgeons. In 2015, Susan E. Mackinnon, MD, a leading nerve surgeon at Washington University in St. Louis who had long leaned on the illustrations to guide complex pain operations, approached Sabine Hildebrandt, MD, a pediatrician and lecturer in global health at Harvard Medical School and an expert in the history of anatomy during the Third Reich, about her misgivings.
Among the rabbinic scholars he consulted was Michael Berenbaum, an author and professor at American Jewish University in Los Angeles, where he is director of the Sigi Ziering Institute: Exploring the Ethical and Religious Implications of the Holocaust.
Dr. Shivkumar also reached out to Richard S. Panush, MD, a rheumatologist who had taken a public stand against the Pernkopf atlas after a 1995 Annals of Internal Medicine article set off the chain of events that led to the University of Vienna investigation. Dr. Panush, then at St. Barnabus Medical Center in Livingston, New Jersey, was deeply disturbed by the recollections of Edzard Ernst, MD, PhD, a former Vienna Medical School faculty member who wrote of the Nazi takeover of the university and raised the likelihood that Nazi victims were used as research subjects.
Shivkumar was aghast to learn it was the work of an ardent Nazi whose Vienna institute had dissected the bodies of prisoners, many executed for political reasons after Austria was annexed to Nazi Germany in 1938.
Shivkumar is a big thinker, an erudite physician quick with an apt quotation, whose Westwood office is stacked with Sanskrit volumes of the Mahabharata alongside books related to legendary Bruins basketball coach John Wooden.
That question would launch Shivkumar on a quest that has lasted more than a decade and is expected to endure for years. He wants to surpass the anatomical atlas created by Dr. Eduard Pernkopf, a fervent supporter of the Nazi regime whose work was fueled by the dead bodies of its victims.
For decades, the origins of the Pernkopf Atlas were unknown to many who turned to its pages for guidance. Swastikas tucked into signatures of an illustrator were airbrushed out in later editions. Its history began to trickle out in journals in the 1980s.
Other anatomical atlases exist, but these illustrations had especially fine details, including of the nerves extending beyond the brain and spiral cord. One survey of nerve surgeons found that 13% of respondents were using the atlas. Among those who have publicly grappled with it is Dr. Susan Mackinnon, a surgery professor at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis known as a pioneer in nerve regeneration.
Mackinnon sought ethical guidance. Rabbi Joseph Polak, a Boston University assistant adjunct professor of health law who survived the concentration camps as a child, said one dilemma involved a patient in excruciating pain.
A spent heart normally wilts like a deflated balloon, but this one had been pumped with chemicals to imitate the fullness of life. The team first puts the organs to use in research, then carefully dissects them for imaging.
Bringing out a bisected piece of a heart, Dr. Shumpei Mori displayed how its inner architecture could be captured on camera, threading a catheter through the organ as a co-worker snaked in an endoscope.
In another lab, Mori carefully unzipped a bag on a metal gurney to reveal the stripped-down interior of a cadaver diligently dissected over a year and a half, its rib cage cracked open like a weighty book. Shivkumar pointed out the pale web of nerves stretching up through the neck. Mori had painted them yellow by hand.
When Shivkumar decided to launch the project, he had been inspired by the words of USC emeritus professor of rheumatology Dr. Richard Panush, who had pushed to set the atlas aside in the library of the New Jersey medical center where he had worked, moving it to a display case that explained its history.
Dr. Jackler and Ms. Gralapp retain copyright for all of their original illustrations which appear in this online atlas. We encourage use of our illustrations for educational purposes, but copyright permission should be sought before publication or commercial use. To request permission for publication or commercial use please contact Christine Gralapp (eye...@chrisgralapp.com, ).
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Methods and results: Computed tomographic angiograms from 300 adults with a zero calcium score and no stenoses were segmented for centreline and luminal models. A computational atlas was constructed enabling automatic quantification of 3D angles, diameters and lengths of the coronary tree. The diameter (meanSD) of the left main coronary was 3.50.8 mm and the length 10.55.3 mm. The left main bifurcation angle (distal angle or angle B) was 8921 for cases with, and 7523 for those without an intermediate artery (p
Conclusions: A computational atlas of normal coronary artery anatomy provides distributions of diameter, lengths and bifurcation angles as well as more complex shape analysis. These data define normal anatomical variation, facilitating stent design, selection and optimal treatment strategy. These population models are necessary for accurate computational flow dynamics, can be 3D printed for bench testing bifurcation stents and deployment strategies, and can aid in the discussion of different approaches to the treatment of coronary bifurcations.
Images have been selected from the following anatomical atlases in the National Library of Medicine's collection. Each atlas is linked to a brief Author & Title Description, which offers an historical discussion of the work, its author, the artists, and the illustration technique. The Bibliographic Information link provides a bibliographical description of the atlas, so users will know which edition was scanned and if there are any characteristics special to the Library's copy.
Click on the thumbnail to the left of the title to view images from the atlas.