Re: Principles Of Accounting By Ma Ghani Pdf Free 11
Florismart Sujumnong
Earlier research focused on the development, diversity, and classification of accounting practices of different groups of countries (DaCosta et al., 1978, Doupnik, 1987, Frank, 1979, Nair & Frank, 1980). A recent review of accounting literature (Doupnik & Salter, 1995, Gernon & Meek, 2001, Meek & Saudagaran, 1990, Mueller, 1967) reveals that important environmental factors that influence accounting practices are the level of economic development, the nature of business enterprises and their relationships with providers of capital, political and economic ties, legal system (common vs. code law), tax laws, inflation levels, and level of education.
Our study contributes to the literature on the development of accounting because Pakistan provides a unique research setting. Pakistan is an Islamic Republic located in a region that has great economic potential. Since 1985, Pakistan has been following International Accounting Standards (now known as International Financial Reporting Standards). Meek and Thomas (2004), note that Islamic nations have been mostly left out of the accounting development research and, this paper contributes to filling this vacuum.
History of accounting in the subcontinent is ancient. Gladwin (1796) suggested that in India in 1583 there was a Hindu method of accounting before the adoption of the Persian mode. In Hamilton's (1798) opinion the Hindu method of accounting used by Bengali traders was a double-entry system. Lall Nigam (1986), drawing support from Hamilton (1798), contends that the system used by Indian traders was a predecessor to the Italian method and was transported to Italy by Indian exporters. Although
International accounting literature has long recognized the prevalence of a particular legal system (common law or code law) to be an important variable affecting the accounting system of a country (Berry, 1987, Fantl, 1971, Nobes, 1983). The literature recognizes that common-law countries are oriented towards fair presentation, transparency, and full disclosure (known as the Anglo-Saxon model). Standard setting is carried out in these countries by bodies in the private sector, and the stock
Gernon and Meek (2001) argue that many accounting professions patterned after the U.K. model. As noted by Briston (1978), almost all of colonial territories that experienced substantial degree of industrial development under the British rule were subject to the British Companies Act with the usual reporting and auditing requirements. The British Companies Act of 1913 remained in use in Pakistan until 1970.
Radebaugh (1975) and Mueller (1968) suggested that the general level of education and/or the accounting profession of a country affect accounting practices. According to Doupnik and Salter (1995) a simple educational environment prevents development of sophisticated accounting practices. An examination of the level of education of accountants in the early years of ICAP's history shows that all members of Pakistan Institute of Accountants became ICAP members immediately after its formation.
Recent research postulates that culture plays a role in developing and changing an accounting system (Gray, 1988, Hofstede, 1980). We argue that the major changes in the financial reporting system of companies in Pakistan came only when there were changes in either the underlying legal rules and regulations and/or better enforcement of these rules through active monitoring of corporate players by the regulatory authorities. We feel that the colonial background of a country is a key explanatory
The primary purpose of our paper is to explore the factors that have influenced the evolution, the origins, growth and development of accounting in Pakistan. We traced the early days of accounting in the Indian subcontinent and described the British colonial influence over the accounting of the newly independent state of Pakistan. It is worth noting that the Companies Act of 1913 remained in force in Pakistan for more than three decades beyond independence and it was not until 1984 that major
Former President Ashraf Ghani said in a BBC interview that aired Thursday that an adviser gave him just minutes to decide to abandon the capital, Kabul. He also denied widespread accusations that he left Afghanistan with millions in stolen money.
In the BBC interview, Ghani denied widespread accusations that he left Afghanistan with a cache of stolen money. The U.S. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction John Sopko has been tasked with investigating those allegations.
Successive Afghan governments, as well as independent foreign and Afghan contractors, have been accused of widespread corruption, with dozens of reports by Sopko documenting the most egregious incidents. Washington has spent $146 billion on reconstruction in Afghanistan since the overthrow in 2001 of the Taliban, who had harbored al-Qaida and its leader, Osama bin Laden. Yet even before the insurgents returned in August, the poverty level in Afghanistan was at 54%.
The attacker struck after around 2,000 Muslim clerics, scholars, and figures of authority in religion and law from across Afghanistan who had gathered for the meeting issued a fatwa declaring suicide attacks forbidden, or "haram," under the principles of Islam.
The British charity Islamic Relief, which operates in Afghanistan, said in a report released on November 29 that one-third of the returnees face severe food shortages, while more than 60 percent are sick.
In Taliban-ruled Afghanistan, the report says that members of Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State group, and regional terrorist groups remained active in 2022, despite the Taliban committing to prevent extremists from using the country to conduct attacks against the United States and its allies after the withdrawal of U.S.-led forces in August 2021.
The report mentions that "the United States has not yet decided whether to recognize the Taliban or any other entity as the government of Afghanistan," and says the Taliban hosted and sheltered Al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahri in Kabul before his death in a U.S. air strike in July last year.
In an open letter sent to the ICC on November 27, they accused the Taliban, who seized power in August 2021 as international troops withdrew from the country, of consistently violating the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.
"They must be prosecuted," said one activist who requested anonymity because of security fears.
"The Taliban has imposed a gender apartheid in Afghanistan by excluding women from the society through employment and education bans while also persecuting rights activists," she added.
She is one of dozens of signatories to the letter.
The letter argues that the treatment of Afghan women under the Taliban constitutes a gender apartheid because "they are systematically deprived of basic freedoms and human and citizenship rights."
Since the Taliban returned to power, the Taliban has put down, often violently, protests by Afghan women over their lack of rights. Hundreds of women have been imprisoned after their protests were declared illegal.
"Such letters can help the international community to fulfill its obligation toward the Afghan women," Maryam Maarouf Arvin, an Afghan women's rights activist, told RFE/RL's Radio Azadi.
Five women's rights activists -- Neda Parwani, Zholya Parsi, Manijeh Sediqi, Bahare Karimi, and Parisa Azadeh -- are currently in Taliban custody.
Since returning to power, the hard-line Islamist Taliban has banned women and teenage girls from education in Afghanistan. It has also banned them from employment in most sectors and discouraged them from leaving their homes.
Pakistan's caretaker prime minister, Anwar ul-Haq Kakar, on November 20 said terrorist attacks inside his country have increased 60 percent since the Taliban returned to power in Afghanistan in August 2021. Some 2,300 people have been killed in these attacks.
Pakistani troops have shot dead eight suspected Islamist militants during a firefight in the South Waziristan district of the northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region, the military said in a press release on November 27. The statement did not say what group the alleged the militants had belonged to, but members of the Pakistani Taliban, known as Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP) have been active in the area. Islamabad has accused Afghanistan's Taliban rulers of allowing TTP militants to use Afghan territory to launch cross-border attacks. The Taliban has denied the accusation. To read the original story by RFE/RL's Radio Mashaal, click here.
Many of the Afghan families being driven out of Pakistan have no homes to return to and will struggle to feed themselves through the harsh winter, the UN warned on November 24. UN refugee agency UNHCR says more than 370,000 people have returned to Afghanistan since October 3, when Pakistan issued an ultimatum to the 1.7 million Afghans it says are living illegally in the country. "There are no open arms for these families," said Hsiao-Wei Lee, Afghanistan country director for the UN's World Food Program, who recently traveled to a border crossing to observe the distribution of food aid.
Germany on November 24 said four local employees of its government-linked operator GIZ had been detained by Taliban authorities in Afghanistan. "I can confirm that the local employees of GIZ are in custody, although we have not received any official information on why they are detained," a spokeswoman for Germany's Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development said. "We are taking this situation very seriously and are working through all channels available to us to ensure that our colleagues are released," she added. Germany closed its embassy in Afghanistan after the group swept back to power in 2021.
Afghanistan's embassy to New Delhi has announced it is closing permanently due to what it said was "pressure from the Indian government" and lack of diplomatic recognition. The embassy said in a statement that the closure entered into force already on November 23 and came after the ceasing of operations from the start of last month. The statement said that emergency consular services will continue to be provided to Afghan citizens. The embassy requested that the Afghan flag remain on the building. To read the original story by RFE/RL's Radio Azadi, click here. (CORRECTION: A previous version of this story attributed the embassy's closing to Afghanistan's Taliban rulers.)
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