Icu Protocols 2020 Pdf Free Download
Marcelene Vasconez
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FIND-seq is a nucleic acid cytometry platform capable of isolating rare cells on the basis of RNA or DNA markers. This protocol outlines the molecular and microfluidic steps to perform FIND-seq, followed by bulk or single-cell transcriptomic analysis.
A consensus statement outlines the best practices to refine animal welfare in rodent models of cancer. Their adoption will allow the standardization of experimental interventions, considering the characteristics of each cancer model, thereby improving the reproducibility and translational value of data obtained in rodents.
The 52nd European Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society (EEMGS) meeting and 15th International Comet Assay Workshop (ICAW) will be held in Rovinj, Croatia, from September 23rd to 27th, 2024. Check out the website for registration and abstract submission.
Our authors are invited to write blog posts that describe how they conceived and developed their protocols, prior to publication at Nature Protocols. These stories are published on a community website for researchers who are interested in techniques and methods.
This protocol describes the in vitro culture of cynomolgus monkey embryos from blastocyst to early organogenesis. Given the ethical limitations restricting the use of human embryos beyond 14 days, nonhuman primate embryos are an ideal model.
Engineered and anthropogenic nanoscale materials in the environment acquire a coating of biomolecules (biocorona) that modulates their properties, uptake and biodistribution. This protocol streamlines biocorona analysis to support the development of safe and sustainable nanotechnology.
This protocol adds a surface nanocoating to bacteria to improve bioavailability and reduce side effects for enhanced microbial therapy. Living bacterial therapeutics are produced by nanocoating bacteria individually via either chemical decoration or physical encapsulation.
Complex carbohydrates that are not broken down by human enzymes are food sources for gut microbiota. Toward understanding this process, this protocol describes the quantitative analysis of carbohydrates in food and fecal samples by using LC-MS/MS.
clusterProfiler is a tool for characterizing and visualizing omics data. The example procedures show integration of metabolomics and metagenomics analyses, characterization of transcription factors and annotation of cells in single-cell studies.
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Protocols are a mechanism to achieve polymorphism in Elixir where you want the behavior to vary depending on the data type. We are already familiar with one way of solving this type of problem: via pattern matching and guard clauses. Consider a simple utility module that would tell us the type of input variable:
If the use of this module were confined to your own project, you would be able to keep defining new type/1 functions for each new data type. However, this code could be problematic if it was shared as a dependency by multiple apps because there would be no easy way to extend its functionality.
This is where protocols can help us: protocols allow us to extend the original behavior for as many data types as we need. That's because dispatching on a protocol is available to any data type that has implemented the protocol and a protocol can be implemented by anyone, at any time.
We define the protocol using defprotocol/2 - its functions and specs may look similar to interfaces or abstract base classes in other languages. We can add as many implementations as we like using defimpl/2. The output is exactly the same as if we had a single module with multiple functions:
With protocols, however, we are no longer stuck having to continuously modify the same module to support more and more data types. For example, we could spread the defimpl calls above over multiple files and Elixir will dispatch the execution to the appropriate implementation based on the data type. Functions defined in a protocol may have more than one input, but the dispatching will always be based on the data type of the first input.
One of the most common protocols you may encounter is the String.Chars protocol: implementing its to_string/1 function for your custom structs will tell the Elixir kernel how to represent them as strings. We will explore all built-in protocols later. For now, let's implement our own.
In Elixir, we have two idioms for checking how many items there are in a data structure: length and size. length means the information must be computed. For example, length(list) needs to traverse the whole list to calculate its length. On the other hand, tuple_size(tuple) and byte_size(binary) do not depend on the tuple and binary size as the size information is pre-computed in the data structure.
Even if we have type-specific functions for getting the size built into Elixir (such as tuple_size/1), we could implement a generic Size protocol that all data structures for which size is pre-computed would implement.
The Size protocol expects a function called size that receives one argument (the data structure we want to know the size of) to be implemented. We can now implement this protocol for the data structures that would have a compliant implementation:
In the previous chapter, we have learned that although structs are maps, they do not share protocol implementations with maps. For example, MapSets (sets based on maps) are implemented as structs. Let's try to use the Size protocol with a MapSet:
Instead of sharing protocol implementation with maps, structs require their own protocol implementation. Since a MapSet has its size precomputed and accessible through MapSet.size/1, we can define a Size implementation for it:
If desired, you could come up with your own semantics for the size of your struct. Not only that, you could use structs to build more robust data types, like queues, and implement all relevant protocols, such as Enumerable and possibly Size, for this data type.
Manually implementing protocols for all types can quickly become repetitive and tedious. In such cases, Elixir provides two options: we can explicitly derive the protocol implementation for our types or automatically implement the protocol for all types. In both cases, we need to implement the protocol for Any.
Another alternative to @derive is to explicitly tell the protocol to fallback to Any when an implementation cannot be found. This can be achieved by setting @fallback_to_any to true in the protocol definition:
As we said in the previous section, the implementation of Size for Any is not one that can apply to any data type. That's one of the reasons why @fallback_to_any is an opt-in behavior. For the majority of protocols, raising an error when a protocol is not implemented is the proper behavior. That said, assuming we have implemented Any as in the previous section:
Which technique is best between deriving and falling back to Any depends on the use case but, given Elixir developers prefer explicit over implicit, you may see many libraries pushing towards the @derive approach.
Elixir ships with some built-in protocols. In previous chapters, we have discussed the Enum module which provides many functions that work with any data structure that implements the Enumerable protocol:
Keep in mind that, by convention, whenever the inspected value starts with #, it is representing a data structure in non-valid Elixir syntax. This means the inspect protocol is not reversible as information may be lost along the way:
These protocols serve only as guidelines for the care of breastfeeding mothers and infants and do not delineate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as standards of medical care. Variations in treatment may be appropriate according to the needs of an individual patient.
Translated protocols that appear here have undergone a rigorous two-way translation to provide complete accuracy. Please be aware that translations that appear elsewhere, such as on other websites, are not 'official' ABM translations, and ABM cannot assure their accuracy.
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Clojure is written in terms of abstractions. There are abstractions for sequences, collections, callability, etc. In addition, Clojure supplies many implementations of these abstractions. The abstractions are specified by host interfaces, and the implementations by host classes. While this was sufficient for bootstrapping the language, it left Clojure without similar abstraction and low-level implementation facilities. The protocols and datatypes features add powerful and flexible mechanisms for abstraction and data structure definition with no compromises vs the facilities of the host platform.
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