G2a Office Activation Guide
Tammara Freimark
If your work involves sitting at a desk, discomfort doesn't have to be part of the job. You may be able to avoid some of the health problems associated with seated work, such as neck and back pain and sore wrists and shoulders, by using proper office ergonomics. Chair height, equipment spacing and desk posture all make a difference.
Choose a chair that supports your spine. Adjust the height of the chair so that your feet rest flat on the floor. Or use a footrest so your thighs are parallel to the floor. If the chair has armrests, position them so your arms sit gently on the armrests with your elbows close to your body and your shoulders relaxed.
Under the desk, make sure there's enough room for your legs and feet. Don't store items under your desk, as that can shrink the amount of available space and make it hard to sit correctly. If the desk is too low and the desk height can't be changed, put sturdy boards or blocks under the desk legs to raise it. If the desk is too high and can't be changed, raise your chair. Use a footrest to support your feet if necessary. If you don't have a footrest, try using a small stool or a stack of sturdy books. If your desk has a hard edge that's not rounded, pad the edge or use a wrist rest. This protects your wrists from a problem called contact stress that can happen as a result of extended contact with a hard edge.
Put your computer keyboard in front of you so your wrists and forearms are in line and your shoulders are relaxed. If you use a mouse or another type of pointer connected to a computer, place it within easy reach, on the same surface as your keyboard. While you are typing, using a computer touchpad, or using a mouse or pointer, keep your wrists straight, your upper arms close to your body, and your hands at or slightly below the level of your elbows. If possible, set the sensitivity of the mouse or pointer so you can use a light touch on it.
Place the computer monitor straight in front of you, directly behind your keyboard, about an arm's length away from your face. The monitor should be no closer to you than 20 inches (about 50 centimeters) and no further away than 40 inches (about 100 centimeters). The top of the screen should be at or slightly below eye level. If you wear bifocals, lower the monitor an additional 1 to 2 inches (about 2 to 5 centimeters) for more comfortable viewing.
Using a laptop computer may lead to discomfort because of the low screen height and cramped keyboard and touchpad. If you use a laptop at your desk, consider getting an external keyboard and mouse, along with a laptop stand, to more closely mimic a desktop computer setup.
Remember, no matter how well your workspace is set up for proper ergonomics, sitting in the same position for hours at a time isn't good for your body. Get up and walk around as often as you can throughout the workday. If possible, do some work standing up. While you're seated, stretch your hands, fingers and arms from time to time. Shifting your position, standing up and moving will ease strain on your body and help you stay healthier.
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A shift towards human-led design is revolutionizing workplaces, placing a strong emphasis on the creation of spaces that facilitate seamless remote and on-site collaboration while promoting focused work. However, the transition to hybrid work environments introduces new design and cost factors that continually evolve as best practices develop.
JLL's Design Trends and Cost Guide provides essential benchmark costs for office fit-outs in major markets across the U.S. and Canada. Our data is derived from a comprehensive analysis of thousands of construction projects supervised by JLL's Project and Development Services (PDS) teams throughout North America and cutting-edge creations from JLL Design Solutions.
An office fit-out includes designing, constructing and furnishing the physical workplace. Office fit-outs can range widely in scope based on tenant needs and geography. For this guide, we assume a baseline of a second-generation space that is provided by the landlord as a warm lit shell that is in a condition ready for tenant improvements. An office fit-out can also be called a fit-up, build-out or tenant improvement.
The cost benchmarks in this report are designed to apply to office fit-outs in Class A buildings in each market. The specific quality of buildings varies by market, as a Class A building will be different in a gateway market compared to a secondary market. The costs provided here are based on a 20,000-square-foot office and will generally apply for an office in that range, acknowledging that economies of scale may be gained or lost as size increases or decreases, respectively. However, for in large HQ offices, note that our benchmarks do not include the type of features commonly found therein, like auditoriums, large cafeterias, etc. All national averages listed in this report are based on the medium quality and complexity and moderate style definitions.
This report is designed to represent average costs in each of the categories listed. It is very possible to build an office for much more or much less than any of the costs listed here, especially within the extremely variable FF&E and Tenant Factor categories. These cost benchmarks should not be viewed as the lowest or highest achievable numbers.
No, the cost benchmarks in this report should not be used for comparison to previous versions to determine construction cost inflation. The benchmarked fit-out in this report changes each year to cover a project that reflects the design trends at that time in addition to construction conditions. Comparing to previous versions captures changes beyond what should be considered as part of inflation. The JLL Construction Outlook report includes construction cost inflation data and is suited to this purpose.
The fit-out costs for each market depict the average cost of building comparable office space across the country. While many aspects of an office fit-out can affect the final budget, including materials selection, existing space conditions and layout design, these costs represent a midpoint scope and factor.
Due to the varying nature of tenant needs for FF&E and tenant factors (A/V, technology, security, moving), midpoints were determined from an analysis of the raw data. Average values were selected for each of the three categories of space quality and complexity. Those same benchmark values are kept equal across all cities and office styles. For example, all cost benchmarks for medium quality and complexity will have the same FF&E and tenant factor cost, regardless of geography and office style. If you know your standard FF&E and tenant factor costs, you are encouraged to use the data found in the appendixes and substitute your specific costs into those categories to create a more precise number for your needs.
The costs in this guide are not union or non-union specific. Instead, the costs represent the average cost of construction in each given market. If union labor is more common in one city, the resulting cost increase is included in the market cost numbers published in this guide. In other words, the project mix that was used to create the averages in this guide is reflective of the typical union versus non-union labor mix found in each market. If a project will require union labor in a market where union work is not the norm, or vice versa, the benchmark costs in this guide would likely need to be adjusted up or down to reflect that requirement.
The benchmark costs shown throughout this report are all shown in USD, except for the Canadian appendix. The cost benchmarks in this report are based on local project data in each market, so any changes in the exchange rate would not directly change the cost benchmark in local currency in each market. However, it would change the relative affordability of Canadian cities from the perspective of U.S.-based companies and vice versa. For clarity and to avoid any discrepancies as exchange rates change, the national average benchmark costs and analysis in this report reflect U.S. markets only.
All benchmark costs in this report are listed on a cost-per-rentable-square-foot basis. This guide is intended to be most useful from the perspective of a company looking to lease and occupy their own space. When considering options of space to lease, offices sizes are generally advertised and listed in r.s.f., so this guide is designed to be easy to use without needing any conversions.
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The guide will also help you identify the most important considerations in selecting among policies, even providing you with a Checklist for Buying Legal Malpractice Insurance, which highlights the principal concerns. The Insurance Coverage Charts let you compare the contract language of standard policy forms offered by the various primary professional liability carriers across the country. Simply put, The Law Office Guide to Purchasing demystifies all of the components in the process of purchasing legal malpractice in an evolving market, making it one of rational, lawyer-consumer choice, rather than an exercise of faith
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