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CHE Diabetes and Obesity News
and Updates
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Reviews
This meta-analysis of data from 7 animal studies found that exposure to low doses of the pesticide chlorpyrifos increased blood glucose levels in exposed animals versus unexposed, and high doses decreased blood glucose levels in exposed rats versus unexposed. Farkhondeh et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.
While several mechanisms may be involved, the findings support that arsenite has effects on glucose homeostasis, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, glucose metabolism in the liver, and both adipose tissue and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Castriota et al. EHP.
This is part of a research topic on this subject, available here, which includes discussions about the obesogenic effects of organotins. Graceli. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).
This review discusses how endocrine disruptors affect nuclear hormone receptor function, and the consequences of exposure in numerous tissues and organ systems, as seen in experimental, clinical, and epidemiological studies. It includes diabetes, obesity, and more. Hall and Greco, Cell.
Current evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes-related markers increase with increasing exposure duration and concentrations of air pollutants. The chemical constituents of the air pollutant mixture may affect type 2 diabetes to varying degrees, and involve mechanisms such as increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Li et al. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab.
Recent data support gut microbiome involvement in intestinal and systematic effects caused by air pollution. This review discusses the associations between air pollution and intestinal diseases, and the alterations of intestinal lipids and the gut microbiome by air pollution. Feng et al. Free Radic Biol Med.
Earlier age at menarche is consistently associated with higher type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance risk, independent of weight. A substantial proportion of type 2 diabetes in women is related to early menarche, which would be expected to increase in light of global trends towards earlier puberty timing. Cheng et al. PLoS Med. [Interesting in relation to environmental chemicals and puberty timing]
Environmental Chemicals: Human Studies
Found positive associations between PCBs and with prevalent and incident hypertension (Alabama, U.S.). Pavuk et al. EHP.
All six organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) studied showed positive associations with type 2 diabetes in a linear dose-response manner. Serum concentrations of β-HCH and DDE were associated with higher levels of fasting plasma glucose in people without diabetes, although no OCPs showed significant associations with hemoglobin A1c. Certain OCPs showed significantly positive associations with triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol and negative relationships with HDL cholesterol in people without diabetes. Han et al. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.
Found that increased concentrations of urinary Ni in early pregnancy are associated with an elevated risk of gestational diabetes. Exposure to all six metals was positively associated with the risk of gestational diabetes; Sb and Ni were more important than the other four metals (As, Cd, Co, V) in the mixture (China). Wang et al. Environ Int.
Higher maternal bisphenol urine concentrations in early pregnancy may lead to reduced gestational weight in second half of pregnancy (Netherlands). Philips et al. Environ. Int.
BPA and arsenic levels were not associated with diabetes status. Chang et al. J Med Toxicol.
Serum PFOA/PFOS levels were correlated with lipid levels, and PFOS was associated with markers of oxidative/nitrative stress. Lin et al. Environ. Res.
Breast milk concentrations of BPA were negatively correlated with infant's weight or length gain rate (China). Jin et al. Environ. Pollut.
Organochlorine insecticide, lead, and mercury exposures were associated with markers of and suspected NAFLD in adult NHANES 2003-2004 (U.S.). Wahlang et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.
PFOA yields lower birthweights, but higher weight later in childhood (Sweden). Tanner et al. Environ. Res.
This longitudinal study found that high levels of prenatal exposure to phthalates were significantly associated with decreased skeletal muscle index and BMI among girls (South Korea). Lee et al. Environ. Res.
Environmental Chemicals: Laboratory Studies
In mice, exposure to BPA caused atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, increased triglycerides and total cholesterol levels, and lower HDL cholesterol levels. Trusca et al. Int J Mol Sci.
All treatment groups showed signs of amino acid metabolism disorders, elevated lipid levels, and oxidative stress. Yan et al. Chemosphere.
Propylparaben interferes with lipid utilization in zebrafish during early-life stages. Perugini et al. J Appl Toxicol.
Laser printer-emitted nanoparticles generated from toners during printing perturbed transcriptional activities associated with cardiovascular dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and neural disorders, as well as transcriptomic changes linked to other disease risks, including diabetes, in rats. Guo et al. Int J Mol Sci.
Exposure to testosterone in the womb led to lifelong metabolic changes in sheep. Siemienowicz et al. Sci Rep.
Preadipocytes exposed to the flame retardant HBCD displayed markedly enhanced adipogenesis, and mice chronically exposed to HBCD had increased white adipose tissue weight gain. Xie et al. Sci Total Environ.
Prenatal testosterone treatment induces changes in inflammation, oxidative stress, collagen accumulation, and differentiation, with changes more pronounced in the visceral adipose tissue than in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. Puttabyatappa et al. Mol Cell Endocrinol.
Air Pollution and Noise
Increased prenatal and perinatal exposure to PM2.5 may alter glucose metabolism resulting in lower HbA1c levels in early childhood and higher HbA1c levels in later childhood (Mexico City). Moody et al. JAMA Netw Open.
The insecticide chlorantraniliprole enhances the adipogenesis of fat cells. Yuan et al. Food Chem.
Exposure to PM2.5 disrupts the normal metabolism of liver lipids and induces lipid accumulation in the liver of female mice in an age-dependent manner, with older mice being more susceptible. Yan et al. J Environ Sci (China).
In rats, noise induces insulin resistance, which reverses when the noise ends. Morakinyo et al. Heliyon.
Chemicals and the Gut
In mice, cadmium exposure caused changes in the in gut, including increased gut permeability and inflammation, and lower gut microbiota diversity. He et al. Chemosphere.
Exposure to different concentrations of the pesticide trichlorfon damaged the intestinal barrier, caused intestinal oxidative damage and inflammation, and altered gut microbiota in the common carp. Chang et al. Environ Pollut.
BPA caused structural changes in the small intestine, which affected its functioning, as well as caused increased blood glucose levels and changes to the liver. Ambreen et al. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
Mercury exposure led to 2,257 differentially expressed genes in intestinal tissue, primarily related to xenobiotic biodegradation, metabolism, development, oxidative defense, and immune response. Zhang et al. J Hazard Mater.
On exposure, the gut microbiome increases the production of LPS and glutamate to promote localized gut inflammation. Nichols et al. Metabolite.
Type 1 Diabetes
A higher rate of weight gain in infancy was associated with increased islet autoimmunity risk. A height growth pattern with a lower rate in infancy, higher rate in early childhood, and younger age at the phase transition was associated with increased risk of progression from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes. A higher rate of weight gain in early childhood was associated with increased risk of progression from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes in children with first-appearing GAD autoantibody only. (International TEDDY study). Liu et al. Diabetes Care.
Diabetes Prevalence
Prevalence of total diabetes was 12.1% for non-Hispanic whites, 20.4% for non-Hispanic blacks, 22.1% for Hispanics, and 19.1% for non-Hispanic Asian adults. The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 3.9% for non-Hispanic whites, 5.2% for non-Hispanic blacks, 7.5% for Hispanics, and 7.5% for non-Hispanic Asian adults. There with variations among subgroups of these categories (NHANES survey data). Cheng et al. JAMA.
To see how these studies relate to existing research, or for more on environmental chemicals and diabetes/obesity, visit www.diabetesandenvironment.org
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