Thefarmers of the village of Champaner live under the oppressive and racist British rule in the Central India Agency, paying land tax (lagaan) every year to the British. Due to lack of rain, they haven't been able to pay the full taxes the previous year, and are told to pay double lagaan for the current year. Upset by this unfair taxation, they ask the king, Raja Puran Singh, for an exemption from the lagaan. They interrupt a cricket match underway between British officers, and one of their party, a farmer named Bhuvan, insults their game. This provokes the regiment captain, Andrew Russell, who offers a wager: in exchange for the farmers beating the British at cricket, Russell offers to cancel lagaan for the next three years for Champaner and the entire province if the farmers win. But if they lose, they will have to pay triple the usual lagaan. Bhuvan is made to decide for the village and agrees to the bet.
Russell's actions infuriate his superiors, who state that if he loses, he'll pay the triple lagaan himself and be transferred to Africa. The match is scheduled to take place after three months. Bhuvan begins to enlist support for the match amongst the villagers, and is aided by Elizabeth, Russell's sister, who offers to teach them the game. Other villagers are motivated to join, but one of them, Lakha, only does so out of a grudge against Bhuvan. Lakha secretly schemes with Russell to play against his team in the match. He also informs Russell of Elizabeth's actions to help the farmers. Russell tries to restrict Elizabeth's movement out of the cantonment, but she stands up to him. Elizabeth has fallen for Bhuvan who is in love with Gauri, daughter of the village medic.
The day of the match dawns and the cantonment grounds fill with spectators. The match will be played over three days, and the British choose to bat first, meaning that the farmers must score one run more than them to win (see: Rules of cricket). Due to Lakha's sabotage, the British team does well on the first day. Later that night, the farmers learn about Lakha's betrayal from Elizabeth and attack him. Bhuvan confronts Lakha, who apologises and offers to redeem himself. Bhuvan agrees, and the following day, the British innings ends after they score 322; the farmers have to score 323 runs to win the game.
The farmers' innings starts off with promise, but they lose almost all of their best batters by the end of the day. Bhuvan must steady the innings on the third day to keep them in the game. The match enters the final over, and odds are stacked against the farmers as they need five runs off the last ball. Bhuvan, taking strike due to a no ball, hits six runs off the last ball to win the match. The crowd erupts in celebration, and their joy is doubled when clouds gather and it starts raining. Elizabeth sees Bhuvan and Gauri together, and heartbreakingly realises the truth.
Unable to bear the defeat, the British regiment leaves the province and Champaner, delighting the villagers. Captain Russell is transferred to Africa as punishment for his team's loss. Elizabeth says a heartfelt goodbye to all the villagers, and returns to England, never marrying and keeping Bhuvan in her heart. Bhuvan marries Gauri in a ceremony blessed by Raja Puran Singh himself, and the village of Champaner attains a prestigious status.
Lagaan was inspired by Naya Daur (1957), a sports drama film directed by B. R. Chopra, written by Akhtar Mirza and Kamil Rashid, and starring Dilip Kumar, Vyjayanthimala and Ajit Khan.[6][7]
Director Gowariker has stated that it was almost impossible to make Lagaan. He went to Khan, who agreed to participate after hearing the detailed script. Khan had initially rejected the idea of a "sporty" film, but was "himself in tears" upon hearing the full dialogued script.[8] Even after securing Khan, Gowariker had trouble finding a producer. Producers who showed interest in the script wanted budget cuts as well as script modifications. Eventually, Khan agreed to Gowariker's suggestion that he would produce the film.[9] Khan corroborated this by saying that the faith he had in Gowariker, the story and script of the film,[10] and the opportunity of starting his own production company inspired him to produce Lagaan.[11] He also said that by being a producer himself, he was able to give greater creative freedom to Gowariker. He cited an example:
"If the director tells the producer that he wants 50 camels, the latter will probably say, 'Why not 25? Can't you manage with 25 camels?' Whereas, if he is telling me the same thing... I will not waste time asking him questions because I am also creatively aware why he needs them."[12]
Gowariker first thought of Shah Rukh Khan, Bobby Deol, Hrithik Roshan and Abhishek Bachchan for the role of Bhuvan. After Bachchan chose to enter cinema with J. P. Dutta's Refugee (2000), Khan was approached with the idea.[16]
Several actresses had express interest to act in the female lead role in the film, but Khan needed someone who matched the description of the character given in the script. After considering Rani Mukerji who did not have dates to accommodate the film, Sonali Bendre, Nandita Das, Shamita Shetty and Ameesha Patel were approached for the role,[17] Gowariker selected Singh for the female lead because he was convinced that she was a good actress and dancer and resembled actress Vyjayanthimala. Singh, a newcomer, devoted all her time to the film.[12] Since the script also demanded a British cast, Gowariker and Khan hired Danielle Roffe as one of the casting directors.[18] After Danielle and Gowariker screen-tested many, Shelley and Blackthorne were chosen for the prime roles. Overall, the film cast 15 foreign actors.[19]
Raghubir Yadav played the role of the legendary Haji Nasruddin in the teleplay Mullah Nasiruddin and has given many memorable performances such as Mungerilal Ke Haseen Sapne. Yadav was selected for the role of Bhura, a poultry farmer, based on his performance in Earth (1998). He had undergone an appendectomy during the filming schedule and returned to complete some of his scenes.[20] Rajesh Vivek, who played the fortune teller Guran, was spotted by Gowariker in the film Junoon (1978). His liking for cricket helped him in his role.[21] Raj Zutshi's friendship with Khan and association in several films brought him the role of Ismail the potter after auditions.[22] Pradeep Rawat's association with Khan in Sarfarosh (1999) brought him the role of Deva, a Sikh ex-sepoy, which was initially intended for Mukesh Rishi. Rawat claimed that it was the highest ever compensation he received in his career.[23] Daya Shankar Pandey, who preferred the role of Kachra, was known to Khan and Gowariker through previous films (Pehla Nasha (1993), Baazi (1995) and Ghulam (1998)). Pandey credited Gowariker for his acting in the film as Goli, saying that Gowariker and he would discuss the required emotions and expressions before shooting.[24]
Yashpal Sharma was chosen by Gowariker for the role of Lakha, the woodcutter, after his portrayal in Samar (1999). He said it was a good experience working with Khan and Gowariker during the film.[25] Amin Hajee earlier worked in a film with Gowariker. The friendly association brought Gowariker to him with the script, which he liked, and thereafter he successfully auditioned for his role of Bagha, a mute drummer. His knowledge of mute people and some assistance from a music band helped him better prepare for his role. Gowariker, who believed that Amin was like Sylvester Stallone, would refer to him as Stallone during filming.[26] Aditya Lakhia's association with Gowariker in Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa (1993) and Pehla Nasha (1993) brought him the role of Kachra, the untouchable. He read the book Everybody Loves a Good Drought by P. Sainath to better understand and portray his character.[27]
One of the first members to join the production team was Nitin Chandrakant Desai, the art director, with whom Gowariker set out for extensive location hunt throughout India, to find the setting for the fictional town of Champaner, in late 1998. After searching through Rajasthan, Nasik, UP, they zeroed in on an ancient village near Bhuj, located in Gujarat's Kutch district, by May 1999, where the film was primarily shot.[8][28]
Avadhi, which is a dialect of Hindi, is primarily from a region in Uttar Pradesh. It was chosen to give the feel of the language spoken during that era. However, the language was diluted, and modern viewers can understand it.[12] The dialogues, which were a combination of three dialects (Avadhi, Bhojpuri and Braj Bhasha) were penned by Hindi writer K. P. Saxena.[17]
Bhanu Athaiya, who won an Oscar for her work in Gandhi (1982), was the costume designer for the film. With a large number of extras, it was difficult for her to make enough costumes. She spent a lot of time researching to lend authenticity to the characters.[17]
The film took approximately a year to plan, which included ten months for production and one month for the development of Khan's character, which the first-time producer found tiring. Khan obtained a crew of about 300 people for six months. Due to the lack of comfortable hotels in Bhuj, he hired a newly constructed apartment and furnished it completely for the crew. Security was set up and a special housekeeping team was brought to take care of the crew's needs.[11] Most of the 19th century tools and equipment depicted in the film were lent to the crew by the local villagers. Initially, they did not want to part with their equipment, but after much coaxing, they gave in. They then travelled to different parts of the country to collect the musical instruments used in that day and era.[11]
The filming schedule spanned the winter and summer, commencing in early January and finishing in mid-June. This was physically challenging for many, with the temperatures ranging from 0 to 50 C (32 to 122 F).[22][26] The actors had to drink frequently and sit in the shade.[21][23] The schedule was strict. The day began at 6 am, changing into costumes and getting onto the actors' bus, which took them to the sets in Kanuria. The actors, including Khan, all travelled on the same bus. If anyone missed it, it was up to them to reach the sets. One day, Khan was late and missed the actors' bus. That day, his wife Reena, the executive producer, reprimanded him for being late. She told him he had to set an example for the rest of the crew. "If he started coming late, how could she tell the others to come on time?"[23] While on the sets, the actors were given call sheets with the day's timetable such as breakfast, hairstyling, make-up, costumes, etc.[31]
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