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For the cure of corpulency, diminution of food of a nutritious nature hasbeen generally recommended; added to this, little sleep and much exerciseare advised. Acids to reduce fatness are frequently administered, but havedone considerable mischief. Amongst other wonderful accounts of theirefficacy in such cases, it is related of a Spanish general who was of anenormous size, that he drank vinegar until his bulk was so reduced that hecould fold his skin round his body.
Not only did these victims of superstition firmly believe that evilspirits had the power of inflicting disease, and afterwards salve themischief, but they were also invested with the privilege of killing andsubsequently restoring to life. The story related of the truly learnedAgrippa, who was falsely represented as a necromancer, is curious.
At the expected time Agrippa came home, and to his great surprise found anumber of devils capering about, and playing strange antics on the roof ofhis house. By his art he caused them to desist from their gambols, ofwhich he demanded the cause. The chief of them then related to him what hehad done, how he had been disturbed and insulted, and how he had thoughtproper to revenge himself. Agrippa became much alarmed at the probableconsequences of this unfortunate adventure, and he ordered the demon,without loss of time, to reanimate his victim, and walk about the streetswith him, that the public might behold him alive. The infernal spiritreluctantly obeyed, and went forth with the student in the marketplace andpromenades. This excursion over, however, he maliciously allowed hiscompanion to fall down, when life once more flitted from his body. For atime it was thought that the student had been killed by a sudden attack ofillness; but, presently, the marks of strangulation became evident, andthe truth came out. Agrippa was thus suddenly obliged to quit the town,and seek refuge in a distant state.
The primitive Grecians, it appears, buried their dead in or about theirdwellings; and we find a law amongst the Thebans, ordaining that everyperson who built a house should provide a repository for the dead upon hispremises. In[Pg 55] latter days, both Grecians and Romans erected their tombsoutside of their cities, and chiefly by the road-side. It appears also,that, among the Romans, the bodies of the lower orders were promiscuouslycast into wells, called fruticuli. Horace seems to allude to thispractice. Hoc miseræ plebi stabat commune sepulchrum. The funerals ofthe wealthy patricians appear to have been most sumptuous and costly, thepall formed of valuable materials and decorated with splendid ornaments.Thus Statius:
It is possible that this accident may be attributed to the escape ofhydrogen gas; the presence of this inflammable body in animals is evident,and it is also proved that it is liable to ignite. Morton saw flamescoming from the body of a pig. Bonami and Ruysh, with a lighted candle,set fire to the vapour arising from the stomach of a woman whom they wereopening. In the Memoirs of the Academy of Science of Paris, of 1751, wefind the case of a butcher, who, on opening the body of an ox that haddied after a malady which had swollen him considerably, was severely burntby an explosion and a flame which rose to the height of about five feet.Sturm, Bartholini, and Gaubius record fiery eructations in which, nodoubt, phosphurated hydrogen had been generated in the stomach, from somecombination of alcohol and animal substances, and inflamed upon cominginto contact with atmospheric air; the fetid odour which invariablyaccompanies these combustions appears to warrant the conclusion. Fodéréremarks that hydrogen gas is developed in[Pg 69] certain cases of disease evenin the living body, and he agrees with Mere in attributing spontaneouscombustion to the united action of hydrogen and electricity. The case of aBohemian peasant is narrated, who lost his life in consequence of ignitedinflammable air issuing from his mouth which could not be extinguished. Itseems evident that this accident only occurs under certain conditions ofthe body; generally in aged persons upwards of sixty years old; morefrequently in women than in men, and chiefly when of indolent habits, adebilitated frame, and intemperate in their mode of living. That the bodyhas been usually consumed long before the head and the extremities isevident, since these parts have been more commonly found than the trunk.It also has been ascertained by observation that this strange accidentseldom occurs in summer, but principally during severe cold and frostyweather. It appears that some experiments have been recently made in theUnited States, when the blood flowing from the arm of a man addicted tospirituous liquors actually took fire, being placed in contact with alighted taper!
The first appellation the Grecians gave to those who exercised the art ofhealing was iatros. Originally it merely signified a man possessed ofthe power of relieving accidents, either by manual exertions, or thehidden virtues of some amulet or charm. Sextus tells us that in ancienttimes it applied to an extractor of arrows, sagittarum extractor. Nodoubt, this operation constituted the chief business of the surgeon in theinfancy of the art; and warriors and heroes themselves performed it on thefield of battle, as fully exemplified in Homer.
The ancients, who were chiefly guided in their medical notions by thesimple operations of nature, attached great importance to the influence ofthe moon. As the stars directed their navigators, so did the planets insome degree regulate their other calculations. Finding that the state ofthe weather materially acted on our organism whether in health or insickness, they attributed this influence to the appearance of the moon,which generally foretold the vicissitudes in the atmospheric constitution.Thus Hippocrates advises his son Thessalus to study numbers and geometry,as the knowledge of astronomy was indispensable to a physician, thephenomena of diseases being dependent on the rising or the setting of thestars. Aristotle informs his disciples that the bodies of animals are coldin the decrease of the moon, that blood and humours are then put intomotion, and to these revolutions he ascribes various derangements ofwomen. To enter into these medical opinions would be foreign to thepresent purpose, but the notions of the ancients regarding lunar influencein other matters are curious.
The art of cookery has improved, no doubt, with the progressive advanceand development of our other institutions; and it seems to prove that theemployment of all kinds of food is as natural to man, as a stationaryuniformity and restriction of one species of aliment is to animals. A mosterroneous idea has prevailed regarding the use of animal food, which hasbeen considered as the best calculated to render mankind robust andcourageous. This is disproved by observation. The miserable and timidinhabitants of Northern Europe and Asia are remarkable for their moral andphysical debility, although they chiefly live on fish or raw flesh;whereas the athletic Scotch and Irish are certainly not weaker than theirEnglish neighbours, though consuming but little meat. The strength andagility of the negroes is well known, and the South Sea islanders can viein bodily exercises with our stoutest seamen. We have reason to believe,that, at the most glorious periods of Grecian and Roman power, theirarmies were principally subsisted upon bread, vegetables, and fruits.
Fragments of bread it appears were used instead of napkins to wipe thefingers on. These were called Apomygdaliæ, with which Aristophanes fedhis sausage-makers. These dainty bits were usually thrown to dogs.
During the reign of Charles V. of France, the court dined[Pg 115] at ten, suppedat seven, and retired to rest at nine. Holinshed gives the followingcurious description of our early diet: Our tables are oftentimes moreplentifully garnished than those of other nations, and this trade hascontinued with us since the very beginning; for, before the Romans foundout and knew the way into our country, our predecessors fed largely uponflesh and milk, whereof there was great abundance in this isle, becausethey applied their chief studies unto pasturage and feeding.
The fall of rain, hail, fire, and thunder, that constituted the seventhplague, was a chastisement inflicted on the worshippers of these supposedelements. Their Isis presided over the waters, and Osiris and Hephaistusgoverned fire. Moreover the flax was smitten, whereby the Egyptians weredeprived of the means of making linen, the finest of which was their boastand their pride. The barley was also destroyed, and they had no materialsfor brewing their favourite potation, barley-wine; a species of beer whichconstituted their chief beverage when the waters of the Nile were turbidand not potable.[14]
The last plague was supposed to have been brought in by a vessel fromAlexandria, that entered the port on the 28th of March, 1813. It appearedthat two of the crew had been seized during the voyage with symptoms ofplague, then prevailing in Alexandria, which place the vessel had leftwith a foul bill of health. On the same day another vessel, the Nancyarrived from the same port, having also on board two men labouring underthe disease, and she was followed by a Spanish polacca, the Bella Maria,from the same quarter. It was on the 16th of April that the disease firstappeared in the island, in the case of a shoemaker in the Strada St.Paolo. The increase of[Pg 181] the disorder was gradual, and from Valetta itspread to Citta Vecchia Bircharcara.
Ann Moore, called the fasting woman of Tutbury, was to a certain extent animpostor, for although there was no truth in her assertion that she livedan incredible time without food, yet[Pg 186] it appeared evident that her chief,if not her only support, was tea. That fluid is sufficient to maintainlife appears evident from two papers inserted in the PhilosophicalTransactions; one of them giving an account of four men who were compelledto subsist upon water for twenty-four days, and the other of a young manwho tasted nothing but the same fluid for eighteen years. An impositionhaving been suspected, he was shut up in close confinement for twenty daysas a trial, when he uniformly enjoyed good health.
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