Class 11 Chemistry Short Notes Pdf Download

[Mireille Kreines]

Scienceis a subject that explains how the world around us is made and the chemical reactions that make things happen around us. From rust to decomposition, chemical reactions provide a more in-depth insight into how molecular interaction and changes occur. Chapter 1 of CBSE class 10 Science explains how a substance changes form.

Learn more about chemical reactions and equations by exploring CBSE Notes for Class 10 Science Chapter 1. These CBSE notes are comprehensive and detailed yet concise enough to glance through for exam preparations.

A chemical reaction occurs when one or more reactants are changed into one or more products. The constituent atoms of the reactants are rearranged in a chemical reaction, resulting in the formation of various substances as products.

A chemical reaction can be determined with the help of any of the following observations.

a) Evolution of a gas

b) Change in temperature

c) Formation of a precipitate

d) Change in colour

e) Change of state

A chemical reaction is a process that causes one set of chemical components to change into another. Chemical reactions are defined as changes in the locations of electrons in the formation and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change in the nuclei, and are described using a chemical equation. At a given temperature and chemical concentration, chemical reactions occur at a predictable rate. Reaction speeds often increase as the temperature rises because more thermal energy is available to attain the activation energy required to break bonds between atoms.

A symbol is a chemical code for an element. Each element has a one or two-letter atomic symbol, which is, in most cases, the abbreviated form of its name.

Valency is the combining capacity of an element. It can be considered as the number of electrons lost, gained or shared by an atom when it combines with another atom to form a molecule.

According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, no atoms can be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, so the number of atoms for each element on the reactants side has to balance the number of atoms that are present on the products side.

In other words, the total mass of the products formed in a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants participating in a chemical reaction.

Chemical equations are balanced using coefficients. A coefficient is a numerical value that is added to the front of a chemical symbol or formula. It indicates the number of atoms or molecules of the material involved in the process.

Hit and trial method: While balancing the equation, change the coefficients (the numbers in front of the compound or molecule) so that the number of atoms of each element is the same on each side of the chemical equation.

A single reactant decomposes on the application of heat or light, or electricity to give two or more products.

Types of decomposition reactions:

a. Decomposition reactions which require heat-thermolytic decomposition or thermolysis.

One of the best examples of precipitation reactions is the chemical reaction between potassium chloride and silver nitrate, in which solid silver chloride is precipitated out. This is the insoluble salt formed as a product of the precipitation reaction. The chemical equation for this precipitation reaction is provided below.

A redox reaction occurs when the oxidation states of the substrate change. The loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state of a chemical or its atoms is referred to as oxidation. The gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state of a chemical or its atoms is referred to as reduction.

It refers to the oxidation of fats and oils in food that is kept for a long time. It gives foul smell and bad taste to food. Rancid food causes stomach infections during consumption.

Prevention:

(i) Use of air-tight containers

(ii) Packaging with nitrogen

(iii) Refrigeration

(iv) Addition of antioxidants or preservatives

In the electrolysis of water (acidified), the gases that are evolved at the anode and cathode, respectively, are oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen ions gain electrons from the cathode and form hydrogen gas, and oxygen ions give electrons to the anode and form oxygen gas.

CHEM 110 Preparation for General Chemistry (3/5) NSc

Introduction to general chemistry with an emphasis on developing problem solving skills. Covers basic concepts of chemistry along with the mathematics required for quantitative problem solving. For students without high school chemistry or with limited mathematics background. Successful completion of CHEM 110 prepares students to enroll in CHEM 142. Prerequisite: assessment of skills by taking the General Chemistry Placement Exam. Offered: AWS.

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CHEM 120 Principles of Chemistry I (5) NSc, RSN

First course in a three-quarter overview of general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry. Not for students majoring in biochemistry, chemistry, or engineering. Includes matter and energy, chemical nomenclature, chemical reactions, stoichiometry, modern atomic theory, chemical bonding. Laboratory. No more than 6 credits from the following may count toward graduation requirements: CHEM 120, CHEM 142, CHEM 143, CHEM 145. Prerequisite: assessment of skills by taking General Chemistry Placement Exam. Offered: AS.

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CHEM 196 Chemistry Frontiers (1)

Exposes freshmen and new transfer undergraduate students to current topics of U.W. research in chemistry. Students interface with research groups. Includes a "big picture" description of the scientific goals and main questions of the highlighted group along with a discussion of experimental methods. Credit/no-credit only.

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CHEM 238 Organic Chemistry (4) NSc

Second course for students planning to take three quarters of organic chemistry. Further discussion of physical properties and transformations of organic molecules, especially aromatic compounds, and spectroscopy of organic molecules. Cannot be taken for credit if credit received for CHEM 258. Prerequisite: a minimum grade of 1.7 in either CHEM 237 or CHEM 257. Offered: AWSpS.

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CHEM 239 Organic Chemistry (4) NSc

Third course for students who take three quarters of organic chemistry. Further discussion of physical properties and transformations of organic molecules, especially carbonyl compounds and amines. Polyfunctional compounds and biological polymers including carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. No more than 5 credits from the following may count toward graduation requirements: CHEM 221, CHEM 224, CHEM 239, CHEM 259. Prerequisite: a minimum grade of 1.7 in either CHEM 238 or CHEM 258. Offered: AWSpS.

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CHEM 258 Honors Organic Chemistry (4) NSc

For chemistry majors and otherwise qualified students planning three or more quarters of organic chemistry. Structure, nomenclature, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds. Theory and mechanism of organic reactions. Studies of biomolecules. Cannot be taken for credit if credit received for CHEM 238. Prerequisite: minimum grade of 2.2 in CHEM 257. Offered: W.

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CHEM 336 Honors Organic Chemistry (4) NSc

For chemistry majors and otherwise qualified students planning three or more quarters of organic chemistry. Structure, nomenclature, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds. Theory and mechanism of organic reactions. Studies of biomolecules. No more than 4 credits can be counted toward graduation from the following course groups: CHEM 238, CHEM 336. Prerequisite: minimum grade of 2.2 in CHEM 335. Offered: W.

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CHEM 426 Instrumental Analysis (3) NSc

Introduction to modern instrumental methods of chemical analysis, including chromatography, optical and mass spectroscopy, electrochemistry and flow injection analysis. Basic concepts of transducers, spectrometers, mass analysis, separation sciences, and computerized data acquisition and reduction. Includes laboratory. Prerequisite: CHEM 321. Offered: W.

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CHEM 428 Biomolecular Analysis (3) NSc

Principles of identifying and quantifying biological molecules, including metabolites, proteins, and nucleic acids, using modern analysis techniques, including analytical spectroscopy, molecular recognition, mass spectrometry, and separations. Emphasis on bioinformatics as well as the role of chemical measurements in medical diagnostics and biomedical research. Includes laboratory. Prerequisite: either BIOC 405, BIOC 440, or CHEM 321 Offered: Sp.

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CHEM 430 Advanced Physical Organic Chemistry (3) NSc

Fundamental aspects of organic structures and transformations with an emphasis on frontier molecular orbital theory and arrow-pushing mechanisms. Structure and reactivity of carbocations, addition reactions, substitution reactions, elimination reactions, structure and reactivity of anions, electrophilic substitutions, neighboring group effects, conformational analysis, pericyclic reactions, and single-electron chemistry. Prerequisite: either CHEM 239, CHEM 259, or B CHEM 239. Offered: A.

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CHEM 431 Advanced Synthetic Organic Chemistry (3) NSc

Synthetic organic chemistry. Discussion of practical methods for the synthesis of complex organic molecules with an emphasis on strategy and the control of stereochemistry. Prerequisite: CHEM 430. Offered: W.

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CHEM 432 Advanced Bio-Organic Chemistry (3) NSc

Fundamental aspects of the structure, function, and synthesis of biological molecules. Enzyme mechanisms with an emphasis on cofactor-dependent and redox catalysis, and applications of biological catalysts in organic synthesis. Biological synthesis of complex organic molecules. Application of chemical methods to the study of biological processes. Prerequisite: either CHEM 239, CHEM 259, or B CHEM 239; and CHEM 242 or CHEM 262. Offered: Sp.

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