Reference: YouTube Statistics
Chrystal Dueno
This module contains a large number of probability distributions,summary and frequency statistics, correlation functions and statisticaltests, masked statistics, kernel density estimation, quasi-Monte Carlofunctionality, and more.
The fit method of the univariate continuous distributions usesmaximum likelihood estimation to fit the distribution to a data set.The fit method can accept regular data or censored data.Censored data is represented with instances of the CensoredDataclass.
The headings below are based on common uses of the functions within, but due tothe wide variety of statistical procedures, any attempt at coarse-grainedcategorization will be imperfect. Also, note that tests within the same headingare not interchangeable in general (e.g. many have different distributionalassumptions).
Paired sample tests are often used to assess whether two samples were drawnfrom the same distribution; they differ from the independent sample tests belowin that each observation in one sample is treated as paired with aclosely-related observation in the other sample (e.g. when environmentalfactors are controlled between observations within a pair but not among pairs).They can also be interpreted or used as one-sample tests (e.g. tests on themean or median of differences between paired observations).
The following functions can reproduce the p-value and confidence intervalresults of most of the functions above, and often produce accurate results in awider variety of conditions. They can also be used to perform hypothesis testsand generate confidence intervals for custom statistics. This flexibility comesat the cost of greater computational requirements and stochastic results.
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The civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and older is the base population group, or universe, used for Current Population Survey (CPS) statistics published by BLS. (See also geographic scope and reference of the CPS.)
The labor force includes all people age 16 and older who are classified as either employed and unemployed, as defined below.
Conceptually, the labor force level is the number of people who are either working or actively looking for work.
The labor force participation rate represents the number of people in the labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population. In other words, the participation rate is the percentage of the population that is either working or actively looking for work.
For criteria 1 and 2, the work must be for pay or profit; that is, the individual receives a wage or salary, profits or fees, or payment in kind (such as housing, meals, or supplies received in place of cash wages). For the self-employed, this includes those who intended to earn a profit but whose business or farm produced a loss. See the definition of self-employed for further details.
The employment-population ratio represents the number of employed people as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population. In other words, it is the percentage of the population that is currently working.
Active job search methods are defined as those that have the potential to result in a job offer without any further action on the part of the job seeker. Examples of active job search methods include:
Methods that do not constitute an active job search are referred to as passive job search methods. Passive methods are those that could not result in a job offer unless additional steps were taken. Examples include simply looking at job postings without taking further action, or taking a training course.
People not in the labor force are asked whether they want a job and if they were available to take a job during the survey reference week. They also are asked about their job search activity in the last 12 months (or since the end of their last job, if they held one in the last 12 months) and their reason for not having looked for work in the most recent 4 weeks.
On the basis of this information, people not in the labor force are classified into several subgroups, including people who want a job now, people marginally attached to the labor force, and discouraged workers. These subgroups are defined below.
These individuals are not currently working and have not looked for work in the last 4 weeks. Because they have not actively looked for work in the last 4 weeks, they are not classified as unemployed.
People who want a job now answered "yes" when asked "Do you currently want a job, either full or part time?" They also are asked questions about their job search activities in the last 12 months and whether they were available to start a job during the survey reference week.
BLS publishes monthly estimates of the number of people who want a job now and the number who don't. These estimates include some survey respondents who were not actually asked the "want a job" question; their desire for work is inferred from their responses to other survey questions.
In response to survey questions, people marginally attached to the labor force indicate that they have searched for work during the prior 12 months (or since their last job if it ended within the last 12 months), but not in the most recent 4 weeks. Because they did not actively search for work in the last 4 weeks, they are not classified as unemployed. In other words, the marginally attached are people who say they want a job, but who have recently stopped looking for work.
People marginally attached to the labor force also must have been available to take a job during the survey reference week, unless they were temporarily ill. Specifically, they are asked "Last week, could you have started a job if one had been offered?"
Discouraged workers are a subset of people marginally attached to the labor force, and also part of the broader group of people not in the labor force. (See the diagram above.) They are not classified as unemployed because they have not actively searched for work in the last 4 weeks.
When asked, "What is the main reason you were not looking for work during the last 4 weeks," these individuals indicate some type of discouragement about their job prospects. Their specific responses vary, but common ones include the following:
Other people marginally attached to the labor force are a subset of people not in the labor force. With discouraged workers, they make up the subgroup of people not in the labor force known as marginally attached to the labor force. (See the diagram above.)
In addition to the official unemployment rate, the Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes a range of alternative measures of labor underutilization. Together, these are known as the U-1 through U-6 rates.
People at work are a subset of the employed. They were at work for at least one hour during the survey reference week.
The other subset of the employed are people with a job, not at work, defined below.
People with a job, not at work are a subset of the employed. They were absent from their job, business, or farm (with or without pay) for the entire survey reference week for temporary reasons such as:
For individuals on a leave of absence, including maternity and paternity leave, the key factor for determining "with a job" status is whether they have a specific arrangement to return to work. If there is an agreement with the employer to hold a job or find a place for him/her upon return, they are considered with a job.
Data on hours at work include only people who were at work for at least one hour during the reference week. People who were not at work for the entire week are excluded. For multiple jobholders, published data reflect the number of hours worked at all jobs during the reference week.
Because classification is based on a person's usual work schedule, full-time workers include some individuals who actually worked fewer than 35 hours in the reference week, and some who were temporarily absent from work all week.
BLS also publishes unemployment levels and rates by full- and part-time status. For the unemployed, those classified as full time either expressed a desire to work full time (35 or more hours per week) or were on layoff from a full-time job. Unemployed people classified as part time either expressed a desire to work part time (fewer than 35 hours per week) or were on layoff from a part-time job.
The full-time labor force is the sum of the full-time employed and unemployed. The part-time labor force is the sum of the part-time employed and unemployed. Unemployment rates for full- and part-time workers are calculated using the full- and part-time labor force levels as the denominator.
To provide additional information about part-time workers, BLS produces measures of people at work part time for economic and noneconomic reasons. These measures are based on a person's actual hours at work during the survey reference week.
In the Current Population Survey, unemployed people are asked additional questions about their status at the time they began looking for work. On the basis of their responses, they are categorized into one of four general reasons for unemployment, defined below.
Duration of unemployment is the length of time, in weeks, that people classified as unemployed have been continuously looking for work. The number of weeks includes the current survey reference week. These measures reflect the still-in-progress spells of unemployment, not completed spells.
In Bureau of Labor Statistics publications, the long-term unemployed are those who meet the Current Population Survey definition of unemployed and whose unemployment has lasted for 27 continuous weeks or more.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) publishes Current Population Survey (CPS) estimates for specific occupations like these on an annual basis. For monthly publication, occupations are grouped into broader categories of related jobs, such as sales and related occupations, and construction and extraction occupations.
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