Re: History Of Game Strains Book
Christal Rasband
Objectives: As its virulence versus attenuation can be explained on molecular biological bases, it may be possible to develop or select highly oncolytic strains of NDV without adverse toxicity.
Results and conclusions: NDV oncolysates probably suit better for immunotherapy (providing also active tumor-specific immunization) than massive repeated inoculations of NDV strains, especially when the NDV strain used is not proven to be oncolytic by appropriate pre-clinical tests.
The lager beer yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus is considered an allopolyploid hybrid species between S. cerevisiae and S. eubayanus. Many S. pastorianus strains have been isolated and classified into two groups according to geographical origin, but this classification remains controversial. Hybridization analyses and partial PCR-based sequence data have indicated a separate origin of these two groups, whereas a recent intertranslocation analysis suggested a single origin. To clarify the evolutionary history of this species, we analysed 10 S. pastorianus strains and the S. eubayanus type strain as a likely parent by Illumina next-generation sequencing. In addition to assembling the genomes of five of the strains, we obtained information on interchromosomal translocation, ploidy, and single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). Collectively, these results indicated that the two groups of strains share S. cerevisiae haploid chromosomes. We therefore conclude that both groups of S. pastorianus strains share at least one interspecific hybridization event and originated from a common parental species and that differences in ploidy and SNVs between the groups can be explained by chromosomal deletion or loss of heterozygosity.
Despite much research interest, the risks for and best management of hamstring strains are not clearly understood. Limitations in the available evidence, such as the previously common use of uncontrolled studies and retrospective designs, contribute to this lack of understanding. Indeed, the use of retrospective designs for the study of risks fails to address whether theorized risks predisposed to, or were the result of, injury.4 Few systematic reviews have investigated the risk factors for and/or the management of hamstring strain; and those that have are limited to very few studies and present inconclusive findings.11,31
Height displayed no significant association with the rate of initial or recurrent hamstring strain injury in any study.1,14,16,34,35,44,45 In contrast, race and ethnicity were strongly associated with injury, with black athletes significantly more likely to suffer hamstring strains.45,49 Notably, Aboriginal Australian Rules footballers were 11.2 times more likely to suffer hamstring strain than non-Aboriginals (95% CI: 2.1-62.5).45 A study of the English professional football leagues (English Premier League [EPL]-League 2) suggests that this is not specific to any one nationality or ethnic group but to all players of black racial background.49
Open-chain lower limb strengthening was avoided by Verrall, Slavotinek, and Barnes,43 who tested a functional intervention in a group of Australian Rules footballers. The program, which was conducted at all training sessions (2-3 times/week) for 2 winter seasons, consisted of interval sprints, functional running drills (running while tapping ball along ground), and isometric stretching, and significantly reduced matchplay strains by 3.4 injuries/1000 playing hours.43 While the reduction in training injuries was not significant, it should be noted that the rate of training injury was low throughout (1.7 [preintervention] vs 0.7 [postintervention] injuries/1000 player weeks).43
The methodological rigor of the identified literature varied. Most of the literature was of moderate quality, but inadequate sample description was common, as was a lack of sample size justification. Where low injury rates were described, which limited determining associations with potential risks, inadequate sampling may have contributed. In addition, where retrospective designs were used, whether variables were risks or outcomes is debatable.4 Studies of professional athletes have intrinsic limitations. Minor strains may go unreported to medical staff for fear of professional future or loss of income, while the effect of unreported preventive interventions is a potentially important confounder.
The strongest risk factor for hamstring strain was a history of previous hamstring strain. Debate exists as to whether this is because of inadequate rehabilitation and premature RTS, or whether an intrinsic risk is created by the initial injury.1,37,42,45,46 Premature RTS arguably places the athlete at higher risk, but even in the presence of thorough rehabilitation, with corresponding functional improvement, recurrence remains high.5,42 The argument exists, therefore, that the hamstrings are at risk because of scar tissue formation and reorganization secondary to initial strain.7,9,29,45 However, other studies suggest that this may not be the predominant factor, citing the lower levels of recurrence for other muscle strains.46
The commonly reported mechanisms of hamstring strain injury suggest that there are nonmodifiable risks intrinsic to participation in certain sports. Moreover, the risk may differ among athletes of different playing position within the same sport. It is reasonable to suggest that athletes who are sprinting or kicking with increased frequency or intensity are more likely to suffer injury, thereby explaining the lower injury rate in football goalkeepers.49 Brooks et al6 support this, finding that rugby union backs, whose role involves comparatively more sprinting and kicking, had significantly more strains than forwards.
There are three individual and immunologically-distinct wild poliovirus strains: wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), wild poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) and wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3). Symptomatically, all three strains are identical, in that they cause irreversible paralysis or even death. But there are genetic and virologic differences which make these three strains three separate viruses that must each be eradicated individually.
The Cheese marijuana variety is an indisputable figure in the world of cannabis. Its name comes from its distinctive aroma of old cheese and its strong cultural roots in the United Kingdom. Cheese has been used over the years as a base to create new hybrids with unique characteristics. Its distinguished aroma and effects continue to be part of its legacy, as well as its particular history.
Every now and then, very rarely, a new strain will burst onto the scene and completely change the rules of the game, as was the case with genetics such as Skunk, Haze or Northern Lights. The appearance of these outstanding strains not only represents a step forward in cannabis breeding, but they can have such an impact on consumers that they quickly reach mythical status, something that is even easier today than it was a few decades ago.
The history of cannabis cultivation and use in Nepal goes back centuries, being one of the countries with the longest cannabis tradition in the world. Nepal is located in the heart of the Himalayan mountain range, wedged between China and India and within its borders lie 8 of the world's 14 mountains over 8,000 metres high. It is therefore a mountainous country with impressive water reserves, which, in addition to the annual monsoon season, means that cannabis grows wild without any problems.
Over the centuries, Nepal has made a name for itself in cannabis culture for several reasons, such as its spectacular sativas, its incomparable handmade hashish or charas, and the natural way in which consumption was handled by the authorities (as well as the arrival of western tourists attracted by precisely these reasons) during the 60s and early 70s. Today we are going to take a closer look at this wonderful and beautiful country to learn more about its history in relation to cannabis.
Any fans of American cannabis genetics will already know of the Jungle Boys, a Los Angeles-based collective of growers who aim to produce high-quality, clean, and potent cannabis. They are known in particular for discovering and breeding amazing White Fire OG phenotypes, but also for the famous Mimosa and many other cannabis strains.
Today we are going to discover the history of the Jungle Boys, the origin of their adventures, from the first lamps in the garage to the installation of grows with several thousand lights, the opening of dispensaries, the production of seeds and merchandising, the lawsuits... and of course we will also tell you all about the notoriety that the Jungle Boys enjoy today.
Today, the Jungle Boys are very likely one of the most popular breeder collectives in the US However, they have a turbulent history full of tribulations, so today we invite you to discover their history and, in particular, the journey of Ivan, the enthusiast behind this popular collective. A story full of twists and turns, from discreet grows in a garage at the beginning to installations with hundreds of lamps, a dispensary, corruption problems, legal battles with the city of Los Angeles... and finally the well-deserved success.
From time to time, we cannabis lovers start wondering about the origins of certain strains. On many occasions, this curiosity about the origin of certain genetics comes because they have reached a high level of popularity among users, while other times it's because these strains are sweeping the board at cannabis cups or because we can suddenly find them in the best dispensaries or cannabis clubs of our cities.
Almost 20 years have passed since Mr. Nice Seedbank was founded in 1998 by Scott Blakey, Nevil Shoenmakers and Howard Marks. Scott and Nevil, former partners of Arjan Roskam in the Green House Seed Company, decided to share their strains by creating a new seed company that quickly earned its place in the market and which got the name of the alias of the third partner, Howard Marks. At the time when feminized seeds were entering the market and demand was increasing every day (in countries like Spain and thanks to grow shops people were starting to grow their own pot), Shantibaba (Scott) and Nevil developed some of the most popular genetics of that time, like Black Widow (their own version of the White Widow), Neville's Haze, La Niña or the renowned Critical Mass.
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