Index Of 30 Days Of Night
Eboni Kleifgen
I'm working on a personal flight logbook script and I'd like to somehow detect if the flight takes place at day or at night. I don't think I've seend any "is_night" dataref. Is there please a solution to this ? I'm quite new to programming in Xplane - started 3 days ago (but I do have some experience in programming/scripting) I suppose I could take the LAT, LON and date information and somehow calculate it myself but that seems like a lot of work
Oh yeah, this seems very convenient. When the number is < 0 then the sun is below horizon and I can count the flying time into the night hours. That's nice. And its a very simple check too, no crazy calculations needed. Thanks!
This figure shows changes in the number of heat waves per year (frequency); the average length of heat waves in days (duration); the number of days between the first and last heat wave of the year (season length); and how hot the heat waves were, compared with the local temperature threshold for defining a heat wave (intensity). These data were analyzed from 1961 to 2023 for 50 large metropolitan areas. The graphs show averages across all 50 metropolitan areas by decade.
These maps show changes in the number of heat waves per year (frequency); the average length of heat waves in days (duration); the number of days between the first and last heat wave of the year (season length); and how hot the heat waves were, compared with the local temperature threshold for defining a heat wave (intensity). These data were analyzed from 1961 to 2023 for 50 large metropolitan areas. The size of each circle indicates the total change over the period measured. Solid-color circles represent cities where the trend was statistically significant.
This figure shows the annual values of the U.S. Heat Wave Index from 1895 to 2021. These data cover the contiguous 48 states. An index value of 0.2 (for example) could mean that 20 percent of the country experienced one heat wave, 10 percent of the country experienced two heat waves, or some other combination of frequency and area resulted in this value.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) calculated apparent temperature for this indicator based on temperature and humidity measurements from long-term weather stations, which are generally located at airports. Figures 1 and 2 focus on the 50 most populous U.S. metropolitan areas that have recorded weather data from a consistent location without many missing days over the time period examined. The year 1961 was chosen as the starting point because most major cities have collected consistent data since at least that time.
Figure 3 provides another perspective to gauge the size and frequency of prolonged heat wave events. It shows the U.S. Annual Heat Wave Index, which tracks the occurrence of heat wave conditions across the contiguous 48 states from 1895 to 2021. This index defines a heat wave as a period lasting at least four days with an average temperature that would only be expected to persist over four days once every 10 years, based on the historical record. The index value for a given year depends on how often such severe heat waves occur and how widespread they are.
Temperature data are less certain for the early part of the 20th century because fewer stations were operating at that time. In addition, measuring devices and methods have changed over time, and some stations have moved. The data in Figure 3 have been adjusted to the extent possible to account for some of these influences and biases, however, and these uncertainties are not sufficient to change the fundamental nature of the trends.
Figure 3 is based on measurements from weather stations in the National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Network. The data are available online at: www.ncei.noaa.gov. Components of this indicator can also be found at: www.globalchange.gov/indicators.
If greenhouse gas emissions are not significantly curtailed, daily high and low temperatures will increase by at least 5 degrees F in most areas by mid-century, rising to 10 degrees F by late century. The National Climate Assessment estimates 20-30 more days over 90 degrees F in most areas by mid-century.
Heat waves are more dangerous when combined with high humidity. The combination of temperature and humidity is measured by the heat index. A recent study projects that the annual number of days with a heat index above 100 degrees F will double, and days with a heat index above 105 degrees F will triple, nationwide, when compared to the end of the 20th century.
Extreme heat is one of the leading causes of weather-related deaths in the United States, killing an average of more than 600 people per year from 1999-2009, more than all other impacts (except hurricanes) combined. The Billion Dollar Weather Disasters database compiled by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration lists heat waves as six of the top 10 deadliest U.S. disasters since 1980.
In extreme temperatures, air quality is also affected. Hot and sunny days can increase the production of ground-level ozone, a harmful pollutant that is the main component of smog, which can damage the respiratory system and is particularly harmful for those with asthma. In addition, greater use of air conditioning requires more electricity which, depending on the electricity source, emits other types of pollution, including particulates that have an impact on air quality too. These increases in ozone and particulate matter can pose serious risks to people, particularly the same vulnerable groups directly impacted by heat mentioned above.
High temperatures can be damaging to agriculture. Plant growth is negatively impacted by high daytime temperatures and some crops require cool night temperatures. Heat waves also increase the chances of livestock experiencing heat stress, especially when night time temperatures remain high and animals are unable to cool off. Heat-stressed cattle can experience declines in milk production, slower growth, and reduced conception rates.
Heat waves can exacerbate droughts and wildfires, which can lead to negative impacts on the agriculture sector. For example, the 2021 drought in the West caused North Dakota cattle ranchers to sell their stock due to a lack of feed for the winter. Wildfires in California have burned agricultural land and are raising the cost of insurance for farms and wineries.
Warmer temperatures affect many aspects of the U.S. energy system, including production, transmission, and demand. While higher summer temperatures increase electricity demand for cooling, at the same time, they can lower the ability of transmission lines to carry power, possibly leading to electricity reliability issues like rolling blackouts during heat waves. Although warmer winters will reduce the need for heating, modeling suggests that total U.S. energy use will increase in a warmer future. In addition, as rivers and lakes warm, their capacity for absorbing waste heat from power plants declines. This can reduce the thermal efficiency of power production, which makes it difficult for power plants to comply with environmental regulations regarding the temperature of their cooling water, and could lead to plant shut-downs.
Let me tell you of the Gravin Maria-Ulrike von Liebwitz of Ambosstein, and her deadly quarrel with Baron Otto von Dammenblatz. It's unlike any tale told before, a truly epic drama to astonish and amaze, featuring evil witches, profane daemons, deceitful assassins, and murder most foul. And, of course, the biggest draw of them all: an evening at the opera with the Grand Countess of Nuln as Detlef Sierck, the finest actor the Empire has known, entertains us all on stage! This is a story worth the telling, so draw close, and let us begin...
Rough Nights & Hard Days contains five phenomenal scenarios for Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay, written by WFRP veteran Graeme Davis. These exciting adventures can be played individually, or combined into an epic five-part campaign, where our bold heroes become embroiled in a bitter dispute between two quarrelling noble houses as they clash across the Reikland. Rough Nights & Hard Days also introduces an entirely new playable species, Gnomes, and presents a variety of pub games to amuse even the most hard-bitten adventurer.
'A Rough Night at the Three Feathers was an adventure for WFRP 1st edition, published in issue 94 of Games Workshop's White Dwarf magazine in November 1987. I wrote it largely as an experiment, to see whether multi-plot adventures could even work in a roleplaying game. It had never been done in roleplaying games before, but there were strong precedents in other media. On the stage, colliding plots have been a vital element of farces since Roman times, and I wanted to capture their manic action in a roleplaying game. I also wanted to ensure that the adventurers did not have the place all to themselves as soon as everyone went to bed. Caper comedies of the 60s and 70s were another source of inspiration, facing their protagonists with all manner of unexpected problems that challenge more than just their Rogue Skills.
In the years that followed, I wrote two more adventures in the same style. Nastassia's Wedding was first written in the days of WFRP 1st edition. I couldn't resist continuing the plot of Gravin Maria-Ulrike von Liebwitz of Ambosstein and her feud with the von Dammenblatz family of Wissenburg from the first adventure. When I wrote The Edge of Night for WFRP 3rd edition, I included a chapter set in a swanky Ubersreik mansion, where more nobles got into a lot of different types of trouble.
For Rough Nights & Hard Days, I have updated and expanded these three adventures for the new edition of WFRP, and added two new chapters: one set in the law-courts of a large town, and the other in a glittering opera house in one of the Empire's great cities. The story of Gravin Maria-Ulrike and House Dammenblatz forms the main thread of the mini-campaign, but as in the original scenario, the adventurers' lives are complicated by the fact that there is much more going on in each of these bustling locations than they initially realise.'
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