1fz Engine Diagram

[Glynis Waughtal]

Andthat triangle wave is the counter value in the PWM module, and is the same triangle wave we have in the first diagram, except that we have two of them, one for each motor. The leftmost one drawn belongs to motor M0, and the other one to M1.

We wish to sample the currents at the time when all PWM signals are low (explained more here), so we set up the ADCs to trigger on the point where the counter reaches 0. This is marked as the I0 and I1 points on the diagram. When the ADCs finish sampling, they fire an interrupt, the pwm_trig_adc_cb. This interrupt then wakes the motor control thread, and we execute the control code: this is the squiggly line, the control code execution.

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The thermal efficiency of a heat engine can be calculated by dividing the work output by the heat input, and then multiplying by 100 to get a percentage. The equation is: (Work output / Heat input) x 100.

The pV-diagram is a graphical representation of the pressure-volume relationship in a heat engine. It can be used to calculate the thermal efficiency by measuring the area under the curve, which represents the work done by the engine, and comparing it to the heat input.

Some factors that can affect the thermal efficiency of a heat engine include the type of fuel used, the design of the engine, the operating temperature and pressure, and the amount of friction and heat loss within the engine.

No, the thermal efficiency of a heat engine cannot be greater than 100%. This would violate the first and second laws of thermodynamics, which state that energy cannot be created or destroyed, and that energy always flows from higher to lower concentrations.

Contrast that to an external combustion engine, where fuel is burned outside the engine and the energy created from that burning is what powers it. Steam engines are the best example of this. Coal is burned outside of the engine, which heats water to produce steam, which then powers the engine.

Most folks think that in the world of mechanized movement, steam-powered external combustion engines came before the internal combustion variety. The reality is that the internal combustion engine came first. (Yes, the ancient Greeks messed around with steam-powered engines, but nothing practical came from their experiments.)

Great question! It has to do with the shape and number of cylinders an engine has. In four-cylinder engines, the cylinders are typically mounted in a straight line above the crankshaft. This engine layout is called an inline engine.

Pistons move up and down the cylinder. They look like upside down soup cans. When fuel ignites in the combustion chamber, the force pushes the piston downward, which in turn moves the crankshaft (see below). The piston attaches to the crankshaft via a connecting rod, aka the con rod. It connects to the connecting rod via a piston pin, and the connecting rod connects to the crankshaft via a connecting rod bearing.

The camshaft is the brain of the engine. It works in conjunction with the crankshaft via a timing belt to make sure intake and outtake valves open and close at just the right time for optimal engine performance. The camshaft uses egg-shaped lobes that extend across it to control the timing of the opening and closing of the valves.

Most camshafts extend through the top part of the engine block, directly above the crankshaft. On inline engines, a single camshaft controls both the intake and outtake valves. On V-shaped engines, two separate camshafts are used. One controls the valves on one side of the V and the other controls the valves on the opposite side. Some V-shaped engines (like the one in our illustration) will even have two camshafts per cylinder bank. One camshaft controls one side of valves, and the other camshaft controls the other side.

Rocker arms are little levers that touch the lobes, or cams, on the camshaft. When a lobe lifts one end of the rocker, the other end of the rocker presses down on the valve stem, opening the valve to let air in to the combustion chamber or letting exhaust out. It works sort of like a see-saw.

In order to create the combustion needed to move the pistons, we need fuel in the cylinders. Before the 1980s, cars used carburetors to supply fuel to the combustion chamber. Today, all cars use one of three fuel injection systems: direct fuel injection, ported fuel injection, or throttle body fuel injection.

With ported fuel injection, instead of spraying the fuel directly into the cylinder, it sprays into the intake manifold just outside the valve. When the valve opens, air and fuel enter the combustion chamber.

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