That would be an ambitious project.
If you want to undertake it, I would suggest Beagleboards & shields - checkout out
mouser.com for products.
They have lots of CPU power & peripherals including stepper motor drivers, USB, WiFi....
It's still a huge undertaking, unless someone knows of a open source project for 3D printing that can drive the motors, thermal controls, feeders...
You would need the information for the Cubex boards & devices, or replace them and just use the chassis.
If you're looking for a project for several months to a year, this would do it.