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In cert-manager, the Certificate resource represents a human readable definitionof a certificate request. cert-manager uses this input to generate a private keyand CertificateRequest resource in order to obtaina signed certificate from an Issuer orClusterIssuer. The signed certificate and privatekey are then stored in the specified Secret resource. cert-manager will ensurethat the certificate is auto-renewed before it expires andre-issued if requested.
A Certificate resource specifies fields that are used to generate certificatesigning requests which are then fulfilled by the issuer type you havereferenced. Certificates specify which issuer they want to obtain thecertificate from by specifying the certificate.spec.issuerRef field.
Note: If you want to create an Issuer that can be referenced byCertificate resources in all namespaces, you should create aClusterIssuer resource and set thecertificate.spec.issuerRef.kind field to ClusterIssuer.
Note: Take care when setting the renewBefore field to be very close to theduration as this can lead to a renewal loop, where the Certificate is alwaysin the renewal period. Some Issuers set the notBefore field on theirissued X.509 certificates before the issue time to fix clock-skew issues,leading to the working duration of a certificate to be less than the fullduration of the certificate. For example, Let's Encrypt sets it to be one hourbefore issue time, so the actual working duration of the certificate is 89days, 23 hours (the full duration remains 90 days).
When a certificate is issued by an intermediate CA and the Issuer can providethe issued certificate's chain, the contents of tls.crt will be the requestedcertificate followed by the certificate chain.
Additionally, if the Certificate Authority is known, the corresponding CAcertificate will be stored in the secret with key ca.crt. For example, withthe ACME issuer, the CA is not known and ca.crt will not exist in the Secret.The ca.crt value at the time of issuance can be copied to the trust store ofthe application that is using the certificate. However, DO NOT directly mountthe ca.crt value into the application's trust store, as it will be updatedwhen the certificate is renewed (see Trusting certificates for more details).
cert-manager intentionally avoids adding root certificates to tls.crt, because theyare useless in a situation where TLS is being done securely. For more information,see RFC 5246 section 7.4.2which contains the following explanation:
Because certificate validation requires that root keys be distributedindependently, the self-signed certificate that specifies the rootcertificate authority MAY be omitted from the chain, under theassumption that the remote end must already possess it in order tovalidate it in any case.
cert-manager supports requesting certificates that have a number of custom keyusages and extended keyusages. Althoughcert-manager will attempt to honor this request, some issuers will remove, adddefaults, or otherwise completely ignore the request.The CA and SelfSigned Issuer will always return certificates matching the usages you have requested.
Unless any number of usages has been set, cert-manager will set the defaultrequested usages of digital signature, key encipherment, and server auth.cert-manager will not attempt to request a new certificate if the currentcertificate does not match the current key usage set.
additionalOutputFormats is a field on the Certificate spec that allowsspecifying additional supplementary formats of issued certificates and theirprivate key. There are currently two supported additional output formats:CombinedPEM and DER. Both output formats can be specified on the sameCertificate.
The CombinedPEM type will create a new key entry in the resultingCertificate's Secret tls-combined.pem. This entry will contain the PEM encodedprivate key, followed by at least one new line character, followed by the PEMencoded signed certificate chain-
cert-manager will automatically renew Certificates. It will calculate when to renew a Certificate based on the issued X.509 certificate's duration and a 'renewBefore' value which specifies how long before expiry a certificate should be renewed.
spec.duration and spec.renewBefore fields on a Certificate can be used to specify an X.509 certificate's duration and a 'renewBefore' value. Default value for spec.duration is 90 days. Some issuers might be configured to only issue certificates with a set duration, so the actual duration may be different.Minimum value for spec.duration is 1 hour and minimum value for spec.renewBefore is 5 minutes.It is also required that spec.duration > spec.renewBefore.
Once an X.509 certificate has been issued, cert-manager will calculate the renewal time for the Certificate. By default this will be 2/3 through the X.509 certificate's duration. If spec.renewBefore has been set, it will be spec.renewBefore amount of time before expiry. cert-manager will set Certificate's status.RenewalTime to the time when the renewal will be attempted.
When requesting certificates using the ingress-shim, thecomponent ingress-gce, if used, requires that a temporary certificate ispresent while waiting for the issuance of a signed certificate when serving. Tofacilitate this, if the following annotation:
If your application only loads the private key and signed certificate onceat start up, the new certificate won't immediately be served by yourapplication, and you will want to either manually restart your pod withkubectl rollout restart, or automate the action by runningwave. Wave is a Secret controller thatmakes sure deployments get restarted whenever a mounted Secret changes.
With rotationPolicy: Always, a new private key will be generated each time anaction triggers the reissuance of the certificate object (see Actions that willtrigger a rotation of the private keyabove). Note that if the private key secret already exists when creating thecertificate object, the existing private key will not be used, since therotation mechanism also includes the initial issuance.
? We recommend that you configure rotationPolicy: Always on your Certificateresources. Rotating both the certificate and the private key simultaneouslyprevents the risk of issuing a certificate with an exposed private key. Anotherbenefit to renewing the private key regularly is to let you be confident thatthe private key rotation can be done in case of emergency. More generally, it isa good practice to be rotating the keys as often as possible, reducing the riskassociated with compromised keys.
By default, cert-manager does not delete the Secret resource containing the signed certificate when the corresponding Certificate resource is deleted.This means that deleting a Certificate won't take down any services that are currently relying on that certificate, but the certificate will no longer be renewed.The Secret needs to be manually deleted if it is no longer needed.
Certificate Transparency (CT) sits within a wider ecosystem, Web Public Key Infrastructure. Web PKI includes everything needed to issue and verify certificates used for TLS on the web. Certificates bind a public cryptographic key to a domain name, similar to how a passport brings together a person's photo and name.
A CA that has been hacked or sloppy can issue certificates for any website. The communication would still be technically encrypted, but there could be an attacker at the other end who could intercept the private data.
The certificate facilitated safe travel for citizens across the European Union when Member States restricted travel on the grounds of public health. In addition, it allowed to coordinate the lifting of these restrictions from the moment it was possible. Indeed since August 2022 there have been no intra-EU travel restrictions anymore.
The WHO will facilitate this process globally under its own structure with the first use-case being the convergence of digital COVID-19 certificates. This includes taking up EU standards and validating digital signatures to prevent fraud. In doing so, WHO will not have access to any underlying personal data, which would continue to be the exclusive domain of national governments.
To facilitate the uptake of the EU Digital COVID certificate by the WHO and contribute to its operation and further development, the WHO and the European Commission have agreed to partner in digital health.
Joining the WHO Global Digital Health Certification Network is voluntary for the Member States. The Council Recommendation adopted on 27 June 2023 encourages all Member States to join the WHO system, and to continue issuing COVID-19 certificates upon request.
Extension of the EU Digital COVID Certificate Regulation until 30 June 2023. Member States are now able to issue vaccination certificates to participants of clinical trials and will recognise additional types of antigen tests.
Guidelines laying out interoperability requirements of digital vaccination certificates were adopted, building on discussion held between the Commission and Member States in the eHealth Network since November 2020.
Only individuals with specific qualifying relationships to the person named on the record (see the FAQ below) can receive a birth or death certificate. Proof of identity and qualifying relationship documentation are required.
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