FW: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup - Mala povijest Hrvata

[Zdeslav Hrepic]

From: Zdeslav Hrepic
Sent: Friday, June 04, 2010 1:56 AM
Subject: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup - Mala povijest Hrvata

 

Dragi svi,

Ako vas ova geo-genetika fascinira koliko i mene, imat cete se s cim zabavljati. Prije sam ovo vidjao bez mapa ali s njima je puno zabavnije i informativnije.

 

Dakle Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroupe:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup

 

U Hrvatskoj (i BiH) je najcesca Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I_%28Y-DNA%29

Y-DNA Haplogroup I (the letter I, not the number 1) represents nearly one-fifth of the population of Europe. It can be found in the majority of present-day European populations; the greatest density to be found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Norway, Sweden, Serbia, Sardinia, Denmark and Germany. The haplogroup is almost non-existent outside of Europe, suggesting that it arose in Europe.

 

Ucestalost izgleda ovako:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I2_%28Y-DNA%29

 

Podgrupe:

• 1 I-M170
• 1.1 I-M253 (Haplogroup I-M253 - peak frequency of approximately 35% among the populations of southern Norway, southwestern Sweden, and Denmark, and rapidly decreasing frequencies toward the edges of the historically Germanic-influenced world.)
• 1.2 I-M438
• 1.2.1 I-M423 (Haplogroup I-M423 is the most frequent Y-chromosome Haplogroup I in Central and Eastern European populations, reaching its peak in the Western Balkans, most notably in Dalmatia (50-60%) and Bosnia-Herzegovina (up to 75%), especially in the Croat population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A greater variance of this group has been found in Ireland and Great Britain, but overall frequency is very low (2-3%). Haplogroup I-M423 is virtually absent in Fennoscandia, Western and Southwestern Europe.)
• 1.2.2 I-M26 (Haplogroup I-M26 is notable for its strong presence in Sardinia. Haplogroup I comprises approximately 40% of all patrilines among the Sardinians, and I-M26 is the predominant type of I among them.
• 2 I-M436 (comprises less than 10% of the total Y-chromosome diversity of all populations outside of Lower Saxony. Haplogroup I-M436 has been found in over 4% of the population only in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, England …)

 

Odnosno:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I_%28Y-DNA%29#I-M423

 

 

Sada nasa pod-pod grupa koja nas razlikuje od Norvezana (s kojima smo u istoj pod-grupi):

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I2_%28Y-DNA%29

I2a2 (M423) is typical of populations of south-eastern Europe, being highest in Dalmatia (Croatia) and Bosnia-Herzegovina(>50%).^[9] Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in other Slavic peoples, Romanians, Moldovans, Hungarians, Albanians, Greeks, and northeastern Italians.^[7] The highest frequency and diversity of Haplogroup I2a2 among populations of the Western Balkans lends support to the hypothesis that the Adriatic region of modern-day Croatia served as a refuge for populations bearing Haplogroup I2a2 during the last glacial maximum.

 

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HaplogroupI2.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I2_%28Y-DNA%29

 

Grupa je jako izrazena i na juznodalmatinskim otocima Bracu, Hvaru i Korculi:

http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Barac2003.pdf

 

Sada to valja usporediti sa povijesnim izvorima:

http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et01.html#origins

 

 

http://alturl.com/68ox

 

 

I slika postaje jako zanimljiva.

 

http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v11/n7/full/5200992a.html

In Table 1, the frequencies of the nine different haplogroups defined in 457 Croatian males divided into five subpopulations are compared. Haplogroup I, defined by M170, is the prevailing Y chromosome group through Croatian mainland and islands with the highest frequency (49% on average) reported in Europe so far.

Table 1 - The Y chromosome haplogroup frequencies in the investigated sample.

Full table

 

This haplogroup is spread in all European populations with variable frequencies, occuring at >40% in Saami, and at <10% in south (Greeks, Italians) and at 20% in west Europe (Dutch, French).^33,41 Haplogroup I occurs significantly more frequently in three southern islands – Bra, Hvar and Korula than in the mainland and Krk in the north (²=25.62, 1 d.f., P=0.000). When mainland sample is subdivided by geographic areas higher frequency of I is observed in eastern and southern parts of Croatia while being also the most frequent haplogroup in Central/Western Balkan (Bosnia and Herzegovina – our unpublished data).

…..

A phylogenetic reconstruction of haplogroup I haplotypes occurring three or more times is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2.

 

…..

Discussion

The southern eastern Adriatic islands of Bra, Hvar and Korula (Figure 1) had the highest frequencies reported in Europe to date (54–66%) of haplogroup I defined by M170. According to Underhill et al⁴⁵ this mutation originated in Europe before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and might have spread together with the Gravettian culture. Although, the frequency of its ancestral F^* lineages is very low in Europe,⁴⁵ their traces have been found in the investigated Croatian population (1.3%). During the LGM the Balkans,⁴⁷ probably along with the northern Adriatic plain then connected with the present-day islands, could have been among a few refugia of Europe (eg Franco-Cantabria and Ukraine). High frequencies of mutation M170 noticed in the Croatian population investigated in this study and Bosnian and Herzegovian population (our unpublished data) imply that the Western Balkan Peninsula could have been an LGM reservoir of M170, a starting point of an expansion that spread M170 around the neighboring populations. Postglacial re-expansion from a different refugia might explain the differences of the northern European STR founder types from those characteristic to Croats.

The second most frequent haplogroup in mainland and island populations was R1a (frequency ranging from 9 to 38%). This haplogroup is almost completely absent in western Europe but widely present in eastern Europe and central Asia.^33,41,44 The same geographic pattern can be seen in Croatia. A striking north–south difference implies that at least some of the founding ancestral groups of the investigated islands are of different origin. Possibly, continental Croatia was inhabited by Indo-European speaking populations who had migrated from southern Russia 2000 BP^48,49,50 and probably had carried this mutation. It is logical that Dinarides are a natural mountain barrier to migrations between the southern Croatia and north-eastern Europe and possibly explaining the lower frequency of R1a lineages in the southern Adriatic islands of Bra, Hvar and Korula.

Haplogroups R1b and I are likely to have been present in Europe since the Palaeolithic age.⁴¹ The frequency of R1b in Europe shows a major west-to-east decline being most frequent in the Basque. The observed frequency of R1b in Croatian sample (7.4%) harmonizes with its frequency in neighboring populations, although general frequency pattern runs also through the northwest to southeast directional layout of the Croatian populations showing a marked difference between mainland and northern Adriatic island of Krk and three southern Adriatic island groups (Bra, Hvar and Korula). This indicates that migrations carrying M173 mutation were more pronounced in the northern part of Croatia than in the southern coastal area.

 

 

 

 

U mojoj slobodnoj interpretaciji svega iznesenog gore:

Ime smo donijeli iz Irana. Jezik i nesto gena pokupili na putu od Slavena. Uglavnom, a pogotovo na jugu, sacinjeni od starosjedioca (>20,000 god) srednjeg istocnog Jadrana danas najkoncentriranijih na podrucju Dalmacije i Hercegovine,dalje na podrucju nekadasnje Tomislavove Hrvatske, i onda dalje do Ukrajne.

Sto od stoljeca 7mog sto od stoljeca minus 27mog, dobra smo ekipa. I Hrvatska bas dobro ime. Zgodno.

 

 

Cheers

Z

 

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Zdeslav Hrepic, Ph.D.

Department of Earth and Space Sciences

 

Columbus State University

4225 University Avenue

Columbus, GA 31907

 

Tel: (706) 569-3052

Fax: (706) 569-2614