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[Rozella Dibley]

Northernfen peatlands provide conditions favourable for sulphate reducing bacteria, largely responsible for producing methylmercury, an aquatic pollutant. Observations from a moss-dominated poor fen and sedge-dominated intermediate fen were used to compare spatial and temporal patterns of methylmercury production to assess if contrasting plant communities and nutrients control production. First, comparisons of methylmercury and porewater solutes were measured across two northern Ontario fens. Greater sulphate availability and lower pH in the poor fen resulted in greater methylmercury production. Second, riparian margins in the intermediate fen were evaluate to see if groundwater nutrient supply controlled methylmercury production and transport. Water table fluctuations rather than groundwater supply controlled sulphate availability and methylmercury production. The proximity of riparian margins to stream waters facilitated methylmercury transport to surface waters.

New pest management strategies are required to counter the rise of insecticide-resistance in populations of greenhouse pest insects, for example Trichoplusia ni (Hbner), the cabbage looper moth. One alternative is to use trap crops - planting attractive, disposable plants within the main crop arrangement to draw pests away from the crop of interest. Transgenic Solanum lycopersicum (L) tomato lines were modified to over-express the gene that regulates carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (LeCCD1) enzymes resulting in altered production of tomato volatiles. The objectives of this study were to assess the attraction of cabbage looper moths to volatiles emitted by transgenic tomato lines relative to wild-type, as well as to determine if the response was modified post-oviposition for the purpose designing a novel trap crop.

The major histocompatibility (MHC) genes encode cell-surface proteins that are responsible for presenting antigen peptides to immune cells. Aside from its vital immune function, the highly variable MHC genes have also been linked to mate choice in multiple species. One hypothesis is that females of some species choose their mates based on dissimilarity at the MHC in order to produce heterozygous offspring with improved immunocompetence. I use bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) as a study species for MHC-based mate choice. The MHC regions of bluegill mating pairs caught in the act of spawning are being investigated using next gen sequencing techniques.

The true armyworm (Pseudaletia unipuncta), a seasonal migrant, does not overwinter in Canada and I undertook experiments to determine if continental spatial hydrologic scales for deuterium (δ2H) in precipitation could help determine the natal origin of immigrants. Initially I established the relationship between water and wing chitin δ2H by rearing larvae on vegetation treated with different concentrations of deuterated water. I then analyzed the wings of 2016 field-collected moths captured during the three flight periods, testing the hypothesis that spring specimens (immigrants) would have a significantly different δ2H profile than summer (residents) and fall (emigrants) ones. The results indicate that spring moths originate from further south, and the preliminary inter year data suggest that 2008 and 2016 immigrants have similar geographic origins.

Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a fundamental role in vertebrate immunity. Because selection at MHC often favors particular alleles and allelic combinations, assessing MHC profiles of potential mates should be advantageous. Additonally, in songbirds, candidate signals of MHC remain largely unexplored but may include odor cues from feather preen oil or the content of geographically variable song. Here, I present results on whether specific combinations of MHC alleles confer protection against avian malaria, using song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) as a model species. I will also discuss whether chemical composition of preen oil and song repertoire content reflect song sparrow MHC genotypes.

The sex-specific mechanisms underlying protandry, the earlier arrival of males than females to breeding sites, are unknown for most species. Nocturnally migrating birds in cages will show periods of locomotor activity at night during migration periods (migratory restlessness), with the onset reflecting departure and intensity reflecting the migratory distance flown in wild conspecifics. Here, we tested the hypothesis that male black-throated blue warblers have earlier onset of spring migratory restlessness compared to females by using Noldus video analysis software to quantify nocturnal behaviour of birds kept in captivity. No sex-differences were found in the onset of migratory restlessness but males had higher intensity, represented as cumulative activity per night. This suggests that distance flown may be an important driver of protandry in this species.

Oak populations in eastern North America are in steep decline and are being replaced by maples and walnuts. The mechanisms blocking oak recruitment in forests are well understood and include fire suppression, herbivore overpopulation, disease, and altered relationships with soil microorganisms. In contrast, the mechanisms blocking oak recruitment in old field ecosystems are poorly understood. In this study, we manipulate grass cover in old field settings to compare the effects of native grasses versus naturalized European grasses on oak recruitment. Preliminary results show that native oaks are very sensitive to the presence of Festuca rubra while European oaks are not. This European grass produces meta-Tyrosine, a potent allelochemical which European oaks may be tolerant of. The results are interpreted in the context of coevolution.

One potential obstacle to the reintroduction of Atlantic salmon in Lake Ontario is invasive prey fishes. These fishes contain high concentrations of the enzyme thiaminase, which breaks down the essential vitamin thiamine (B1). We compared the effect of dietary thiaminase on reproductive traits in three Atlantic salmon populations (LaHave, Lac Saint-Jean, Sebago), which have previously been used in reintroduction efforts. We hypothesized that a high-thiaminase diet would affect reproductive traits and these effects would differ among the three populations. To test our hypotheses, we performed experimental crosses with our low- and high-thiaminase treatment individuals within populations and measured reproductive traits. We present data on the effects of dietary thiaminase levels on mortality, yolk conversion efficiency, specific growth rate and sperm quality.

Organelle genomes are the most sequenced type of chromosome. Next generation sequencing (NGS) has been generating unprecedented amounts of genomic and transcriptomic data that are publicly available, but underused to investigate organelle genome evolution - most of the NGS data is generated for the study of cell nucleus only. We employed this untapped data source to investigate the transcription of organelle genomes in plastid-bearing protists. We mapped RNA-seq reads over 116 protists' mitochondrial and plastid genomes; 77 out of 116 species had their organelle genomes nearly entirely (> 85%) recovered from transcripts despite of the amount of non-coding DNA (intergenic regions and introns) they had. Therefore, polycistronic and/or pervasive transcription seemed to be the norm, regardless the genome structure. In this talk, I will show how publicly available RNA-seq data can be used to investigate organelle genome transcription and argue how current technologies are being underused to characterize organelle genomes.

The effect land cover has on dispersal is a key question in landscape ecology and it is important to understand just how well genetic variables and dispersal correspond. I compare the relationships of dispersal and population genetic structure using a resistance mapping approach. I analyze genetic and dispersal data from populations of the butterfly Parnassius smintheus, on Jumpingpound Ridge in Kananaskis. I use a resistance surface map of the study area generated in ArcGIS. This surface is analyzed in Circuitscape to derive resistance distances between butterfly habitats that will be correlated separately with historical mark-recapture dispersal and genetic data from this landscape. With a better understanding of how resistance surfaces reflect dispersal and genetic differentiation, we can better interpret the results of landscape genetic studies.

Food webs are important conceptual tools for illustrating feeding relationships among species, revealing energy flow, diversity and community structure. Although decomposition, nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration are processes happening in below ground environments, soil food webs are understudied compared to above ground terrestrial or aquatic systems. In addition, the ecosystem level processes of soil systems as emergent properties of soil food webs are affected by global change. My research will examine how soil food webs and ecosystem processes respond to increasing temperature, nutrients, atmospheric CO2 concentration and predator addition. I will perform both lab experiments using mesocosms as well as field experiments.

Disruptive natural selection related to foraging tactics has been recognized as a key factor to the initial stages of species divergence within populations. Pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) provide an excellent study system for disruptive selection, as resource-mediated intraspecific competition has been shown to drive divergence between foraging ecomorphs (subset of individuals within populations that that have distinct ecological diet and morphological features). This variation in feeding ecology may lead the ecomorphs to be exposed to different parasites. In theory, variation in parasite communities in different foraging habitats may drive divergent selection on hosts and may promote speciation. I will use pumpkinseed sunfish to examine the role of parasites on MHC and test whether these differences in parasite communities have caused divergent MHC genotypes between pumpkinseed ecomorphs.

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