Topography Artinya

[Joslyn Moreci]

Topografisecara ilmiah artinya adalah studi tentang bentuk permukaan bumi dan objek lain seperti planet, satelit alami (bulan dan sebagainya), dan asteroid. Dalam pengertian yang lebih luas, topografi tidak hanya mengenai bentuk permukaan saja, tetapi juga vegetasi dan pengaruh manusia terhadap lingkungan, dan bahkan kebudayaan lokal (Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial). Topografi umumnya menyuguhkan relief permukaan, model tiga dimensi, dan identifikasi jenis lahan. Penggunaan kata topografi dimulai sejak zaman Yunani kuno dan berlanjut hingga Romawi kuno, sebagai detail dari suatu tempat. Kata itu datang dari kata Yunani, topos yang berarti tempat, dan graphia yang berarti tulisan. Objek dari topografi adalah mengenai posisi suatu bagian dan secara umum menunjuk pada koordinat secara horizontal seperti garis lintang dan garis bujur, dan secara vertikal yaitu ketinggian. Mengidentifikasi jenis lahan juga termasuk bagian dari objek studi ini. Studi topografi dilakukan dengan berbagai alasan, diantaranya perencanaan militer dan eksplorasi geologi. Untuk kebutuhkan konstruksi sipil, pekerjaan umum, dan proyek reklamasi membutuhkan studi topografi yang lebih detail.[1]

Survei membantu studi topografi secara lebih akurat suatu permukaan secara tiga dimensi, jarak, ketinggian, dan sudut dengan memanfaatkan berbagai instrumen topografi.

Meski penginderaan jarak jauh sudah sangat maju, survei secara langsung masih menjadi cara untuk menyediakan informasi yang lebih lengkap dan akurat mengenai keadaan suatu lahan.

Penginderaan jarak jauh adalah studi mengenai pengumpulan data bumi dari jarak yang jauh dari area yang dipelajari. Penginderaan jarak jauh dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, yaitu dengan satelit, radar, seismogram, sonar, dan lain-lain.

Pemetaan RADAR satelit adalah salah satu teknik utama untuk menghasilkan Model Elevasi Digital (DEM). Teknik serupa diterapkan dalam survei batimetri menggunakan sonar untuk menentukan "topografi" dasar laut. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, teknik LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) digunakan sebagai pengganti gelombang radio untuk kebutuhan pemetaan yang kompleks.

Fotogrametri adalah teknik pengukuran di mana koordinat titik-titik dalam 3D suatu objek ditentukan oleh pengukuran yang dilakukan dalam dua gambar fotografi (atau lebih) yang diambil mulai dari posisi yang berbeda, biasanya dari lintasan yang berbeda dari penerbangan fotografi udara. Kualitas data topografi dari fotogrametri tergantung dari algoritma software pengolah data mentahnya.

FIGURE 1. (A) Key features and dimensions of the experimental method showing the channel, slope, topography and sediment mixture. UVP probe positions and sediment composition are also indicated (modified from Ferguson et al., 2020). Grain-size distributions are derived from Malvern Mastersizer analysis. (B) Tank sub-environments and topographic configurations discussed in text. The left- and right-sides of the tank are with respect to the flow.

FIGURE 3. Difference maps for the experimental runs discussed in this study. The maps are made by subtracting the laser scan derived elevation of the pre-experiment tank surface from the post-experiment tank surface. (A) Unconfined; (B) laterally confined; (C) obliquely confined, and (D) frontally confined. Erosion is shown in blue and deposition is shown in yellow, orange and red. White tick on the UVP represents the approximate limit of upstream velocities captured by that UVP.

FIGURE 4. Slope extent comparison for each of the deposits showing the similarity between each deposit. The pinch-out line is at 2 cm due to the difficulty in tracing accurately around the 2 cm line because of water-ponding in the drained tank.

FIGURE 8. (A) Strike sections through the deposits mid-way down the slope. Section locations on Figure 3. (B) Strike sections through the average position of the centroid across the runs. Section locations on Figure 3. Striped pattern indicates erosion.

FIGURE 15. Summary schematic diagram showing the depositional features and stacking patterns that can be expected on a topographically-complex slope based on these experiments. Initial deposition (t1) is based on the experiments, while t2 is hypothetical. Initial deposition (t1) indicated by white fill on t2.

Copyright 2021 Soutter, Bell, Cumberpatch, Ferguson, Spychala, Kane and Eggenhuisen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

If you were to follow the topography of a map, traveling through the desert, mountains, rivers, and meadows, you would experience the aromas that set these places apart. We put together this collection, allowing you to be transported to each topography through the power of aroma.

Temporal dynamics of microbial biomass and respiration of soil and their responses to topography, burning, N fertilization, and their interactions were determined in a temperate steppe in northern China. Soil microbial indices showed strong temporal variability over the growing season. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) were 14.8 and 11.5% greater in the lower than upper slope, respectively. However, the percentage of organic C present as MBC and the percentage of total N present as MBN were 16.9 and 26.2% higher in the upper than lower slope, respectively. Neither microbial respiration (MR) nor metabolic quotient (qCO2) was affected by topography. Both MBC and MBN were increased by burning, on average, by 29.8 and 14.2% over the growing season, and MR and qCO2 tended to reduce depending on the sampling date, especially in August. Burning stimulated the percentage of organic C present as MBC and the percentage of total N present as MBN in the upper slope, but did not change these two parameters in the lower slope. No effects of N fertilization on soil microbial indices were observed in the first growing season after the treatment. Further research is needed to study the long-term relationships between changes in soil microbial diversity and activity and plant community in response to burning and N fertilization.

In terms of terms, topography comes from the ancient Greeks to the ancient Romans, which has the detailed meaning of an area. The origin of the word topography is topos, which means place, and graphia, which means writing.

By utilizing various tools, direct surveys are widely used to obtain more accurate results in three dimensions, distances, heights, and angles. Even though remote systems have developed, in-person surveys are still widely preferred to get more precise information.

Remote sensing techniques are measurements or data acquisition without physical contact with the object or remotely, for example, from aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and ships. This technique also utilizes a remote sensing system, including sensors, satellites, etc.

In making the construction required professional topographic survey services. This service is needed to obtain accurate information and power so that construction processes such as buildings or housing can be on target.

The construction of large-scale buildings, such as mega-projects, must also consider the long-term impact on the soil structure and the surrounding environment. Thus, it is necessary to carry out a topographic survey to ensure accurate construction of the project.

Tourist attractions are areas that will be frequented by many people in the long term. Thus, the development of tourist attractions also requires regional topographic survey services to ensure that the project area can guarantee the safety and comfort of many people and accommodate the planned tourist attractions.

A comprehensive topography of the area is needed to get accurate information about differences in land height. Land height is essential in knowing where the waterways and so on are. This can be seen from the contours of the land in the countryside.

Roads are an infrastructure that many people around the world need. Starting from connecting villages and cities, transportation routes for goods and materials, to connecting between islands. Appropriate topography of the area can help create solid and sturdy roads.

Territorial boundaries are often closely related to law and have their autonomous regions. Thus, topographic survey services are needed to determine the area precisely and accurately. The results of this survey can also be used as a reference for the legal validity of each region.

Regional topography activities are increasingly developing along with current technological advances. Drone technology is one of the newest innovations used by topography experts in measuring an area. This is due to using drones, which can provide more accurate and detailed data and information.

Government regulations have also made it easier to certify drone flights for commercial use. Effective and efficient use of drones will minimize the time needed to conduct surveys; even data can be obtained within 24 hours.

Today, the topography of many areas has utilized drones, especially for large-scale developments such as corporate buildings and residential complexes. Measuring land using land can start from planning and designing land subdivisions to pre-construction assessments.

The use of GPS also involves data processing to become a report. In terms of cost, the use of traditional methods is considered less efficient, while the use of drones uses a more effective and efficient time duration. The resulting data is more accurate. Thus, drone technology saves the budget and labor of surveyors in the field.

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