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Tlaltecuhtli (Classical Nahuatl Tlāltēuctli, .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-smallfont-size:85%.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-smallfont-size:100%Nahuatl pronunciation: [t͡ɬaːl.teːkʷ.t͡ɬi]) is a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican deity worshipped primarily by the Mexica (Aztec) people. Sometimes referred to as the "earth monster," Tlaltecuhtli's dismembered body was the basis for the world in the Aztec creation story of the fifth and final cosmos.[4] In carvings, Tlaltecuhtli is often depicted as an anthropomorphic being with splayed arms and legs. Considered the source of all living things, she had to be kept sated by human sacrifices which would ensure the continued order of the world.
According to a source, in the creation of the Earth, the gods did not tire of admiring the liquid world, no oscillations, no movements, so Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl thought that the newly created world should be inhabited. And for this, they made Tlalcihuatl, 'Lady of the earth', come down from heaven, and Tlaltecuhtli, 'Lord of the earth', would be her consort.[1] Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl create the Earth from the body of Cipactli, a giant alligator self-created in the Omeyocan.
Tlaltecuhtli is known from several post-conquest manuscripts that surveyed Mexica mythology and belief systems, such as the Histoyre du mchique,[5] Florentine Codex, and Codex Bodley, both compiled in the sixteenth century.[6]
Tlaltecuhtli is typically depicted as a squatting toad-like creature with massive claws, a gaping mouth, and crocodile skin, which represented the surface of the earth. In carvings, her mouth is often shown with a river of blood flowing from it or a flint knife between her teeth, a reference to the human blood she thirsted for. Her elbows and knees are often adorned with human skulls, and she sometimes appears with multiple mouths full of sharp teeth all over her body. In some images, she wears a skirt made of human bones and a star border, a symbol of her primordial sacrifice.[7]
Many sculptures of Tlaltecuhtli were meant only for the gods and were not intended to be seen by humans. She was often carved onto the bottom of sculptures where they made contact with the earth, or on the undersides of stone boxes called cuauhxicalli ("eagle box"), which held the sacrificial hearts she was so partial to. In reference to her mythological function as the support of the earth, Tlaltecuhtli was sometimes carved onto the cornerstones of temples, such as the pyramid platform at El Tajin.[8]
The other gods were angered to hear of Tlaltecuhtli's treatment and decreed that the various parts of her dismembered body would become the features of the new world. Her skin became grasses and small flowers, her hair the trees and herbs, her eyes the springs and wells, her nose the hills and valleys, her shoulders the mountains, and her mouth the caves and rivers.[5]
According to a source, all the deities of the earth are female, except the advocation of Tezcatlipoca, which is Tepeyollotl, 'heart of the hill', and Tlaltecuthli, 'lord earth', which the latter is formed by the center of the body of Cipactli, which is It owes its other name, Tlalticpaque, 'lord of the world'. Tlaltecuhtli meets Coatlicue as a consort as the devourer, and Coatlicue as the one who gives continuous birth to new beings, men and animals.[10]
Since Tlaltecuhtli's body was transformed into the geographical features, the Mexica attributed strange sounds from the earth as either the screams of Tlaltecuhtli in her dismembered agony, or her calls for human blood to feed her. As a source of life, it was thought necessary to appease Tlaltecuhtli with blood sacrifices, especially human hearts. The Aztecs believed that Tlatlecuhtli's insatiable appetite had to be satisfied or the goddess would cease her nourishment of the earth and crops would fail.[11]
The Mexica believe Tlaltecuhtli to swallow the sun between her massive jaws at dusk, and regurgitate it the next morning at dawn. The fear that this cycle could be interrupted, like during solar eclipses, was often the cause of uneasiness and increased ritual sacrifice.[12] Tlaltecuhtli's connection to the sun ensured that she was included in the prayers offered to Tezcatlipoca before Aztec military campaigns.[12]
While Tlaltecuhtli's name may be interpreted as masculine, the deity is most often depicted with female characteristics and clothing. According to Miller, "Tlaltecuhtli literally means 'Earth Lord,' but most Aztec representations clearly depict this creature as female, and despite the expected male gender of the name, some sources call Tlaltecuhtli a goddess. [She is] usually in a hocker, or birth-giving squat, with head flung backwards and her mouth of flint blades open."[7]
Though most renderings of Tlaltecuhtli were placed face down, this monolith was found face up. Clutched in her lower right claw is the year glyph for 10 rabbit (1502 CE). Lopez Lujan noted that according to the surviving codices, 1502 was the year that one of the empire's most feared rulers, Ahuitzotl, was laid to rest.[18] Just below this monument, Offering 126 was found, a huge dedicatory deposit containing 12 thousand objects.
The conception of Earth has changed dramatically over time. It was only four centuries ago that Earth started to be widely regarded as a planet, and it took a while to explore and map it comprehensively. Our awareness of its global environment and the need to protect it is just decades old, having been propelled by new perspectives on our own world brought about by space exploration. It is not by chance that Earth Day was first celebrated in 1970, when the Apollo program and the space race were in full force. In 2020, we marked the 50th anniversary of Earth Day, and revisited major changes in the way our planet has been perceived throughout history.
This 17th-century hand-colored engraving presents the basic principles of the system proposed more than one century before by Nicolaus Copernicus. The Earth is shown orbiting the Sun along with the other planets of the solar system known at the time, while being itself orbited by the Moon. Note also Jupiter to the right, surrounded by the four satellites discovered in 1610 with the recently invented telescope. Telescopic observations and discoveries fueled heated debates that gradually led to accepting that the Earth is a planet orbiting the Sun.
This pocket globe from the first decades of the 19th century illustrates how our fundamental knowledge of terrestrial geography was still evolving. For example, Antarctica is absent from this pocket globe. The European voyages of exploration that took off in the 15th century and gave rise to the modern seaborne empires led to reviewing old geographical theories and to mapping the whole world in ever greater detail. Besides conveying new geographical information, terrestrial globes reinforced the image of the Earth as one world that we all inhabit, regardless of where exactly we sit on it. But globes also served to support claims for power and domain, and to highlight territorial divisions.
One of the most impressive and influential images in human history, this photograph, known as Earthrise, was taken by the astronaut William Anders on December 24, 1968, during the Apollo 8 mission. For the first time, earthlings were presented with a color view of their world as seen from lunar orbit. Often associated with the rise of the environmentalist movement, Earthrise strikes the viewer with the Earth floating in the darkness of space, its colorful splendour contrasting with the barren surface of the Moon. Over half a century later, it remains a compelling reminder that the Earth is the precious planetary home we all share, and that we all must care for.
Visit our Google Arts and Culture exhibit 13 Stories With Captain James Lovell to learn more about the Earthrise photo and to hear first-hand impressions from an Apollo astronaut and space hero on the Earth as seen from space.
In the Middle Ages, an ancient German myth held that some mountains located between Eisenach and Gotha hold a portal to the inner Earth. A Russian legend says the Samoyeds, an ancient Siberian tribe, traveled to a cavern city to live inside the Earth.[13] The Italian writer Dante describes a hollow earth in his well-known 14th-century work Inferno, in which the fall of Lucifer from heaven caused an enormous funnel to appear in previously solid and spherical earth, as well as an enormous mountain opposite it, "Purgatory".
In "A Culture of Conspiracy", Political scientist Michael Barkun draws a distinction between the terms hollow earth and inner earth, to differentiate materials that conceive the majority of the interior of the planet to be hollow, from those that view it as solid but honeycombed with interconnected spaces.[44][45][46]
SkavenA trio of male SkavenLifespan20-30 years [4b]
60+ Years (Grey Seers)[3b]Height4'0" to 6'0" (1.20-1.82 metres)[9a]Usable MagicDhar
Lore of Ruin
Lore of Plague
Lore of StealthPossible CorruptionChaosSubtypesBreeders
Grey Seers
Black Skaven
AlbinosThe Skaven, (pronounced "SKAY-ven") sometimes known as the ratmen, the Ratkin, the "Children of the Horned Rat,"[1a] or the "Underfolk"[7a] are a malevolent and diabolical race of large, intelligent, humanoid rats that inhabit a massive, inter-continental, subterranean empire known in their tongue simply as the "Under-Empire."[2j] At the very heart of Skavendom lies the horrific city of Skavenblight,[2h] the ratmen's capital city and the probable birthplace of the Skaven race.[2m]
The Skaven as a whole are a cruel, treacherous, and highly numerous species that have since spread their loathsome corruption to the farthest corners of the Known World. From deep below the earth, these scavengers have built a vast empire, whose military power and incomprehensible numbers have the potential to smother the Human kingdoms of the Old World in a seething tide of violence and anarchy.[1e]
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