Sleeping Beauty is a 1959 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution. Based on Charles Perrault's 1697 fairy tale, the production was supervised by Clyde Geronimi, and was directed by Wolfgang Reitherman, Eric Larson, and Les Clark. Featuring the voices of Mary Costa, Bill Shirley, Eleanor Audley, Verna Felton, Barbara Luddy, Barbara Jo Allen, Taylor Holmes, and Bill Thompson, the film follows Princess Aurora, who was cursed by the evil fairy Maleficent to die from a prick from the spindle of a spinning wheel. She is saved by three good fairies, who alter Aurora's curse so that she falls into a deep sleep and will be awakened by true love's kiss.
King Stefan and Queen Leah[a] welcome their newborn daughter, Aurora, and proclaim a holiday for their subjects to pay homage to the princess. At her christening, she is betrothed to Prince Phillip, the son of Stefan's friend King Hubert, in order to unite their kingdoms. The three good fairies, Flora, Fauna and Merryweather, each bless Aurora with one gift. After Flora and Fauna give her beauty and song, the evil fairy Maleficent appears, angry at not being invited. She places a curse on Aurora: before the sun sets on her sixteenth birthday, she will prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and die. Merryweather uses her gift to weaken the curse; Aurora will instead fall into a deep sleep until true love's kiss breaks the spell.
Still fearful, Stefan orders all the kingdom's spinning wheels burned. Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather devise a plan to hide Aurora in a secluded location and raise her themselves until her sixteenth birthday. Stefan and Leah reluctantly agree. The fairies move into a forest cottage, giving up magic and living as peasants, and rename Aurora "Briar Rose".
On Aurora's sixteenth birthday, the fairies send her to gather berries so they can prepare a surprise party. In the forest, Aurora sings to the animals, drawing the attention of Phillip, now a handsome young man. They fall in love without revealing their names, and Aurora invites Phillip to the cottage that evening. Meanwhile, Flora and Merryweather's argument about the color of Aurora's birthday gown attracts the attention of Maleficent's pet raven, Diablo.[b] Aurora returns and tells her guardians that she has fallen in love. They reveal her true identity, which Diablo overhears, and tell her she cannot see the man again. Meanwhile, Phillip tells his father about the peasant girl he met and wants to marry, unaware she is the princess to whom he is betrothed. King Hubert unsuccessfully tries to dissuade him.
Shortly before sunset, the fairies bring Aurora to the castle for her birthday celebration. Maleficent appears and lures her to a tower room, where she pricks her finger on a spinning wheel that Maleficient conjures. The fairies place the sleeping Aurora in the highest tower and put the entire kingdom to sleep until their princess awakens. Flora overhears a conversation between Hubert and Stefan and realizes that Phillip is the man that Aurora met. The fairies rush to the cottage and discover that Phillip has been abducted by Maleficent.
At her domain, the Forbidden Mountain, Maleficent reveals Aurora's identity to Phillip. She plans to lock him away until he is an old man on the verge of death before releasing him to meet Aurora, who will not have aged a single day. The fairies rescue Phillip and arm him with the magical Sword of Truth and the Shield of Virtue. Maleficent surrounds Stefan's castle with a forest of thorns, but Phillip breaks through it. Outraged, she transforms into a giant, fire-breathing dragon. In the ensuing battle, Phillip kills Maleficent by thrusting his sword into her heart.
Phillip finds Aurora and awakens her with a kiss, bringing the rest of the kingdom out of their slumber. The two descend to the ballroom, where Aurora reunites with her parents and happily dances with Phillip as the good fairies look on with joy.
Candy Candido, Pinto Colvig, and Bob Amsberry voiced the Goons, Maleficent's bumbling but loyal henchmen.[29][30][31] Candido also voiced Diablo, Maleficent's pet raven.[31][32] Dallas McKennon voiced the Owl, one of Aurora's animal friends, with Purv Pullen providing the sounds of other forest animals.[30][32][33] Marvin Miller was the film's narrator.[34]
Walt Disney first considered making an animated version of Charles Perrault's 1697 fairy tale "Sleeping Beauty" in 1938.[35] Preliminary artwork was submitted by Joe Grant, but the project did not move forward.[36] Disney registered Sleeping Beauty as a planned production title with the Motion Picture Association of America on January 19, 1950, after a preview audience's positive response to Cinderella.[36][37] By November of that year, the Los Angeles Times officially confirmed the film's development.[38] Disney envisioned Sleeping Beauty as the pinnacle of his studio's achievements in animation and was willing to pool all resources needed to achieve that.[35][39] Recognizing the difficulty of producing another fairy-tale feature which would not be too reminiscent of his previous films, notably Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) and Cinderella (1950), he repeatedly told his staff during production that it had to be different.[34][40]
Key story work was done by Ted Sears, Winston Hibler, Bill Peet, and Ralph Wright, who were joined by other story artists as production continued.[36][41] They decided to discard the second half of the original Perrault story (which describes a sleeping beauty married to a strange prince) and focus on its first half to develop a more convincing relationship between the characters.[41][42] The earliest known story outline was written by April 1951, featuring a climactic wake-up kiss and the encounter between prince and princess before she succumbs to the curse. It also included the names of the fairies, who had been reduced from eight to four, and their corresponding magical abilities: Tranquility, the Fairy of Dreams; Fernadell, the Fairy of the Forest; Merryweather, the Fairy of the Elements; and Maleficent, the Fairy of Darkness.[43] The story artists expanded the fairies' roles, turning the good fairies into comical guardians of the princess and the evil fairy into a more powerful villain.[44][45] In this version of the story, Maleficent would conjure an indestructible spinning wheel which the king and queen would unsuccessfully try to get rid of; they would be forced to hide their daughter in the castle walls and never let her out.[43] The princess was envisioned as a "poor little rich girl", burdened with her royal lineage and dreaming of exploring the world outside the castle.[36] Shortly before her sixteenth birthday, the princess was to switch clothes with her maidservant and secretly escape to a nearby forest (or country fair) where she would meet and fall in love with the prince.[43][46] He would travel to a faraway land and return a few years later to fight Maleficent with the help of the good fairies, find the sleeping princess and wake her up with the kiss.[43] Story ideas of that period also included the good fairies attempting to surround the castle with a protective circle and Maleficent having a comically-incompetent vulture sidekick, although the earlier outline depicted him as a sinister falcon.[43][46][47]
We had a lot of problems. We were fighting to break away from what we had done in the past. Sleeping Beauty was tough, because it had many of the elements we had already used in Snow White and Cinderella. You've got to give the creators new things to work with so they'll be able to keep their enthusiasm up. You're in trouble if they start saying, "Haven't we done this before?" We had to find out what we had and whether it would please the public. I'm never sure myself what they're going to buy.
By June 1952, the full storyboard of Sleeping Beauty was completed, but Disney rejected it, stating that its approach was too similar to his studio's earlier films.[39] The story artists discarded the original version and started from scratch, deciding to retain several ideas from earlier suggestions such as the prince's acquaintance with the princess before the curse is fulfilled and a shorter sleep.[36][49] The story team initially developed a sequence in which the characters meet during a treasure hunt, but abandoned it, feeling that it became too drifted from the central storyline. It was written instead that the prince and princess would meet in the forest by chance, which had been introduced in the 1951 outline.[42][43] Striving for more serious storytelling, Disney decided to cut several gags involving the Three Good Fairies which he felt were more appropriate for Donald Duck shorts.[36][50] In one, the fairies (who had been renamed Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather) try to bake a birthday cake for the princess and accidentally blow up the oven.[50] The good fairies were originally intended to rule the domains indicated by their names: Flora would be in charge of flowers and plants, Fauna would oversee the animals and birds, and Merryweather would control the climate. Disney discarded this idea as well, feeling that it did not advance the central storyline.[14]
Disney spent three years searching for a voice for Princess Aurora and considered shelving the project before Mary Costa was cast by June 1952.[57][58] She was invited to audition by Walter Schumann (the film's composer at the time), who heard her singing at a dinner party for the entertainment industry.[59] Born in Knoxville, Tennessee, Costa had a strong Southern accent which nearly prevented her from being cast until she proved that she could sustain a British accent.[60] Disney personally contacted Costa within hours of her audition to confirm that she had the role.[61][62] Before Costa was cast, LP records by forty female singers were heard by the story artists, and fifteen of them auditioned.[63] Costa recorded her lines for three years, from 1952 to 1955.[57] Twenty singers auditioned for the role of Prince Phillip, and Bill Shirley, who had a high baritone voice and experience in light opera, was the final choice. Before he and Costa were selected, they made audition records together to determine if their voices complemented each other. Disney was convinced that they did, and approved the casting.[64]
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