Episode 1.295 Movie In Italian Dubbed Download
Gema Shisila
Measurements: The occurrence of an episode of crying on at least a daily basis in the last month was the dependent variable; independent variables were set at individual and at the NH levels as reported in the Val.Graf regional database.
The recurrence rate for individuals recovered from first manic episode estimated around 46% within two years highlights the limitations of current available treatments [9, 10]. Moreover, care offered to bipolar disorders is often suboptimal, and an implementation gap exists in psychosocial [11] and pharmacological [12] treatments.
Abnormalities of brain structures have been well established in schizophrenia4,5. However, the reported nature of abnormality has been inconsistent. On the one hand, neuroimaging studies on FES patients have found reduced gray matter volume in several cortical regions compared to normal controls. For example, using the region-of-interest (ROI) approach, studies on adolescent schizophrenia found reduced volume in the ventricle system, the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the thalamus6,7. Reduced thalamic and nucleus accumben volumes in FES patients have also been reported8,9. On the other hand, some longitudinal studies found no volumetric difference of any brain structure between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls10. Several meta-analyses7,11 supported brain volume changes in the frontal, temporal and parietal regions. The inconsistency might be due to the complex pathogenesis and long-term chronicity of the disease and different methodological approaches of these studies6. The lack of a clear understanding of auditory hallucinations12 may also contribute to the inconsistency. In the current drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia study, evaluating a specific subgroup of schizophrenia, i.e., those with AVHs, may allow us to reduce the underlying neural variability and resolve some of the inconsistencies13. In a schizophrenia mouse model, Chun et al. have demonstrated that specific disruptions of the thalamic-auditory cortical pathway altered auditory information processing and led to AVHs when the animals were put under stress or other confounding conditions14.
There are several limitations in this study. First, we only conducted a VBM analysis on the data. Future research could apply source-based morphometry (SBM)33 on the dataset. Second, our sample size is relatively small due to the difficulty in recruiting drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenic patients with auditory verbal hallucinations.
How to cite this article: Huang, P. et al. Decreased bilateral thalamic gray matter volume in first-episode schizophrenia with prominent hallucinatory symptoms: A volumetric MRI study. Sci. Rep. 5, 14505; doi: 10.1038/srep14505 (2015).
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infections (CDI) are the most frequent cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea, complicating the course of disease and prolonging hospitalization. Disease complications range from an asymptomatic carrier state to life-threatening infections [1, 2]. Fatal outcomes have been primarily attributed to recurrent C. difficile-associated diarrhea [3, 4]. Furthermore, the vicious circle of repetitive episodes of diarrhea leads to dehydration, intestinal protein loss, hypoalbuminemia, exhaustion and can eventually lead to death [5].