Nayla Novel

[Laurene Arrison]

NaylaBraunPhysical descriptionSpeciesWitchGenderFemaleHair colorBlondMagical characteristicsBasic

powersSpell CastingPotion BrewingScryingMediumshipMagical itemsWiccan AmuletAffiliationOccupationGuarding the Wiccan AmuletStorekeeper of Ways of the WiccaLoyaltyGoodCharacter informationOnly

appearancePhoebe Who?Nayla Braun is a witch and storekeeper of Ways of the Wicca. She guards one of the four amulets, and is the second one to be targeted by Aura Chen's coven. She only appears in the novel, Phoebe Who?.

Paige is one of Nayla's regular customers, who often buys supplies from her shop. While shopping for ingredients for a strengthening spell, Nayla was attacked by Aura Chen and her coven in the alley. Her amulet was stolen, and Paige was only able to urge Nayla back inside her shop for safety. Leo returned it the same night after the witches were stopped.

This study aims to describe (1) QL equation with less poetic novel characterizations LM, (2) differences in QL with a novel lyric characterizations LM, (3) Application of trassformasi hipogram happens in it. This study used a qualitative approach. Theoretical basis used is intertekstualitas theory, comparative literature, the concept of transformation of poetry into the novel. Source of data used is poetry Qais and Laila (QL) and Novel Layla Majnun (LM).Based on the analysis, obtained the following results. (1) Equation characterizations and poetic novel QL LM was shown both in figures and in the poem QL LM novel, has the same character, almost the same (slight change), and different. Drawn character is the same character or Syed Syed Omri, or Majnun Qais, Laila or Layla, Laila's father, Ibn Salam, Nawfal, the mother of Qais, Laila and mother of the hunter. Almost the same figure depicted is the camel and the rider,crowsandowls,andSalimAmiri.(2) The difference with the novel characterizations QL LM poem, there are some differences in the nature of which changes in character, not dimunculkannya existing character in the poem to the novel, and the addition of new characters in the novel. The main character in the poem and the novel there are eighteen (18). Eighteen of these figures do not all appear in the novel. Figures that appear in the poem does not appear on the QL but LM is novel, an old Bedouin, crows, beggars, the camel drivers, and Salim Amiri. Being figures that appear in the novel is the LM, the owl, the horseman, the hermit, Zayd and Salim. Shrinking figure is an old Bedouin and beggars. Moderate leaders who experienced the addition of Zayd and the hermit. (3) application of the results obtained in the transformation

hipogram twenty-three hipogram transformed in the novel. Based on the analysis in the discussion, the kind of transformation that occurs is five ekserp, two expansions, four modifications, five of the combined ekserp and modification, five of the combined expansion and modification, two conversions and modifications to be composite

This study aims to find out: feminism contained in Marianne Katoppo's Raumanen novel and Djenar Maesa Ayu's Nayla novel, as well as its implementation in learning in high school/equivalent. The theory used in this study is the theory of feminism, the theory of feminism is a theory as an attempt by women to show their existence in various fields without having to have restrictions in terms of gender and gender. This research is a library research. The method used to collect data is the document method. This research data was collected and then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method to describe Raumanen's novel, and Nayla's novel. Content analysis method to reveal the deep feminist movement in Raumanen's and Nayla's novels. The results of this study are feminism in Raumanen's novel, namely, activists in student organizations and single mothers. Whereas in the novel, Nayla is brave, a discotheque lighting worker, and an author with a sex theme. The author's suggestions for future research are expected to be able to study and research the novel Nayla by Djenar Maesa Ayu, and also the novel Raumanen by Marianne Katoppo using different analysis as a form of knowledge of Indonesian language and literature.

The aim of the study was to reveal the social criticism depicted in Djenar's Novel Nayla's works. This research is a qualitative descriptive research that is research by solving a problem that exists in the object. This study used a Socioligi approach to literary sociology theory. The data source in this study was Nayla's novel by Djenar Maesa Ayu. The research data is in the form of words and display of narrator sentences and story figures and story actions. Data collection is done by reading, understanding and analyzing the novel. The data analysis is done by interpreting the data with the theory used in the research. The data validation technique in this study has discussions with lecturers to obtain correct and true information. The results of this study were the social criticism of poverty, social criticism of crime, social criticism of family disorganization, social homosexual criticism, and social and environmental unrest. The conclusion of the results and the discussion that, the research is more to the social problems found in the novel.

The current widely used practices of processed food have resulted in elimination of healthy microflora from human gut leading several healthissues like chronic constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer, obesity, heart diseases and high cholesterol etc. Amongst others, prebioticapproaches have been developed to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut to treat gut related disorders and improve human health.Importance of prebiotics in maintaining gut microbial diversity, need of novel prebiotics having varied functional properties and their productionstrategies for commercial applications have been highlighted in this article.

Prebiotics/non-digestible fiber could usually be obtained fromseveral natural foods like cereals, legumes, nuts, many fruits andvegetables [4]. However, because of frequent use of processedand junk food in the whole world, non-digestible fiber has beeneliminated from our daily life food. Consequently, gut microfloraaltered in the gut, which results number of gut disorders in everyage group of the humans. Growing research literature showsthat dietary fiber not only prevents gut diseases but also reducesthe risk of heart disease, diabetes, colon cancer and involved inlowering cholesterol [5,6]. The recommended dose of dietaryfiber is 25-30g/day; however, a careful estimation is that dietaryfiber consumption by an American adult is 15g/day, which is lessthan half of the recommended dose. Regardless of using differentmethods to encourage the use of healthy food, the young generationseems trapped in the taste of junk food, which leads obesity, highcholesterol, heart problems and gut issues like constipation,irritable bowel syndrome and colon cancer in early age [7]. Thesehealth issues could be improved by adding non-digestible fiberin the food. In this article we are highlighting the importance,challenges and potential solutions of production of novel prebioticsat commercial level (Figure 1).

Figure 1: An overview of key problem, current challenge and solution for healthy gut: production of unique prebiotics supplements to supportmaximum number of gut microbial species is one of the potential dealings of altered gut microflora due to change in eating habits in humans.

As the importance of prebiotics has been highlighted bygrowing scientific literature, several researchers around the globestudied the source of natural non-digestible fibers and methods fortheir production in large quantity to add in the food. Prebiotics havegrabbed the attention of pharmaceutical companies and became animportant candidate in nutraceuticals to improve human health.Prebiotics market is expected to reach US $ 5.485 billion by 2024,from US $ 3.727 billion in 2018 according to global prebioticsmarket survey. Great health impact and intense research andinnovation in the field are two major factors, which will enhancethe market of prebiotics further in the near future.

Two groups of prebiotics/fructans, fructans/fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and glactooligo saccharides (GOS) are wellknown for health benefits in humans [8-10]. Because of lowamount of these oligosaccharides in natural food, it is requiredto synthesize these compounds in the laboratory for large scaleapplications. The pre-requisites for commercial production ofoligosaccharides/prebiotics at industrial level requires an efficientmethod and economical raw material to make product cost effective.Biosynthesis of FOS is a preferred method over chemical methodsto avoid the production of hazardous by products and low productduring acid-catalyzed hydrolysis synthesis of FOS [11,12]. A widevariety of microorganisms and plants synthesize fructans. Severalbacterial and fungal species are good sources of FOS producingenzymes, which have been divided into two classes: 1. β-Dfructofuranosidaseand 2. Fructosyl transferase according to theirenzymatic activity and the product they produced [13] (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Mechanism of action of prebiotic producing enzymes: β-D fructofuranosidase has more hydrolytic activity than trans-fructosylatingactivity as compared to fructotransferases. Fructotransferases can produce variety of fructans using sucrose as substrate.

β-D-fructofuranosidase (FFase, EC 3.2.1.26) belong to GH32family of glycoside hydrolases and involve in hydrolysis of ?-1,4-glycosidic bonds of sucrose to produce equimolar mixture ofmonosaccharide D-glucose and D-fructose [14,15]. When subjectedwith sucrose containing substrates, these enzymes can be utilized forthe production of plasticizing agents, fructooligosaccharides (FOS)and artificial honey [16]. On the other hand, fructosyltransferase(FTase, EC 2.4.1.9 and EC 2.4.1.10), which are grouped in family68 of Glycoside Hydrolyzing enzymes (www.cazy.org), not onlyhydrolyze sucrose molecule to yield fructose and glucose butalso transfer fructosyl group to sucrose accepter and produceoligosaccharides/fructans. The fructans synthesized from sucrosecontain a terminal glucose molecule [17] and are designated asGFn, where G refers to the terminal glucose unit, F refers to fructoseunits and n is the number of fructosyl units per fructan molecule,also designated degree of polymerization [DP]. The productsobtained by FTase enzymes have high biotechnological potentialand have large number of applications in food and pharmaceuticalindustry [18].

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