Hi Andrew,
You can stop a specific connector by deleting the connector using the REST API [1]. You would need to make this REST call for every connector. If you have a lot of connectors running, you could write a little script that fetches the list of connectors [2] and deletes them one at a time, in a loop.
Or, more extreme, you could kill all worker processes from the command line. Then, to start Connect again, you'll need to restart worker processes and then re-create the connectors using the REST API.
I hope this answers your question.
Alex