Flash Point Movie Download In Hd PORTABLE
Janae Nowinski
The flash point of a material is the "lowest liquid temperature at which, under certain standardized conditions, a liquid gives off vapours in a quantity such as to be capable of forming an ignitable vapour/air mixture". (EN 60079-10-1)
The flash point is sometimes confused with the autoignition temperature, the temperature that causes spontaneous ignition. The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors keep burning after the ignition source is removed. It is higher than the flash point, because at the flash point vapor may not be produced fast enough to sustain combustion.[1] Neither flash point nor fire point depends directly on the ignition source temperature, but ignition source temperature is far higher than either the flash or fire point, and can increase the temperature of fuel above the usual ambient temperature to facilitate ignition.
It is also used to characterize the fire hazards of fuels. Fuels which have a flash point less than 37.8 C (100.0 F) are called flammable, whereas fuels having a flash point above that temperature are called combustible.[2]
All liquids have a specific vapor pressure, which is a function of that liquid's temperature and is subject to Boyle's Law. As temperature increases, vapor pressure increases. As vapor pressure increases, the concentration of vapor of a flammable or combustible liquid in the air increases. Hence, temperature determines the concentration of vapor of the flammable liquid in the air. A certain concentration of a flammable or combustible vapor is necessary to sustain combustion in air, the lower flammable limit, and that concentration is specific to each flammable or combustible liquid. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough flammable vapor to support combustion when an ignition source is applied.[citation needed]
There are two basic types of flash point measurement: open cup and closed cup.[3] In open cup devices, the sample is contained in an open cup which is heated and, at intervals, a flame brought over the surface. The measured flash point will actually vary with the height of the flame above the liquid surface and, at sufficient height, the measured flash point temperature will coincide with the fire point. The best-known example is the Cleveland open cup (COC).[4]
The flash point is an empirical measurement rather than a fundamental physical parameter. The measured value will vary with equipment and test protocol variations, including temperature ramp rate (in automated testers), time allowed for the sample to equilibrate, sample volume and whether the sample is stirred.
Methods for determining the flash point of a liquid are specified in many standards. For example, testing by the Pensky-Martens closed cup method is detailed in ASTM D93, IP34, ISO 2719, DIN 51758, JIS K2265 and AFNOR M07-019. Determination of flash point by the Small Scale closed cup method is detailed in ASTM D3828 and D3278, EN ISO 3679 and 3680, and IP 523 and 524.
Gasoline (petrol) is a fuel used in a spark-ignition engine. The fuel is mixed with air within its flammable limits and heated by compression and subject to Boyle's Law above its flash point, then ignited by the spark plug. To ignite, the fuel must have a low flash point, but in order to avoid preignition caused by residual heat in a hot combustion chamber, the fuel must have a high autoignition temperature.
Diesel fuel flash points vary between 52 and 96 C (126 and 205 F). Diesel is suitable for use in a compression-ignition engine. Air is compressed until it heats above the autoignition temperature of the fuel, which is then injected as a high-pressure spray, keeping the fuel-air mix within flammable limits. A diesel-fueled engine has no ignition source (such as the spark plugs in a gasoline engine), so diesel fuel can have a high flash point, but must have a low autoignition temperature.
Flash points of substances are measured according to standard test methods described and defined in a 1938 publication by T.L. Ainsley of South Shields entitled "Sea Transport of Petroleum" (Capt. P. Jansen). The test methodology defines the apparatus required to carry out the measurement, key test parameters, the procedure for the operator or automated apparatus to follow, and the precision of the test method. Standard test methods are written and controlled by a number of national and international committees and organizations. The three main bodies are the CEN / ISO Joint Working Group on Flash Point (JWG-FP), ASTM D02.8B Flammability Section and the Energy Institute's TMS SC-B-4 Flammability Panel.
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can gives off vapor to form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the material.
A closely related and less common term is fire point, the temperature at which the flame becomes self-sustained so as to continue burning the liquid (at the flash point, the flame does not need to be sustained). The fire point is usually a few degrees above the flash point.
HCS 2012 additionally requires that "The flash point shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D56-05, ASTM D3278, ASTM D3828, ASTM D93-08 (incorporated by reference; See 1910.6), or any other method specified in GHS Revision 3, Chapter 2.6.
OSHA's Flammable Liquids Standard 29 CFR 1910.106 mandates flash point determinations using one of above methods (or equivalent) or one of two other standardized testing methods specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). See the next section for full details.
The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) requires that all substances transported have a flash point determined and that any materials with flash points lower than 60 degrees C (140 F) be handled with extra caution.
Flash points are determined experimentally by heating the liquid in a container and then introducing a small flame just above the liquid surface. The temperature at which there is a flash/ignition is recorded as the flash point.
Two general methods are called closed-cup and open-cup. The closed-cup method prevents vapors from escaping and therefore usually results in a flash point that is a few degrees lower than in an open cup. Because the two methods give different results, one must always list the testing method when listing the flash point. Example: 110 C (closed cup).
Flash points must be determined under a set of reproducible circumstances. Automated testing equipment is available from a number of commercial suppliers. If you do not want or need to buy your own equipment, simply consult your local phone directory under "Laboratory, Testing" or a similar heading to find a company that can run a flash point determination for you.
As discussed above, the flash point of the material is one of the required elements on a Safety Data Sheet. Assuming you have a GHS-compliant sheet, the flash point(s) will be listed in Section 9 (physical and chemical properties).
Know the flash point of any material that you work with. Always avoid heat, open flame, sparks or other sources of ignition when a material is near, at or above its flash point. A common laboratory error is failure to pay attention to flash points when using a heating bath. See this document on heating bath materials for more info.
On episode s10e11 of the show Criminal Minds, a confrontation occurs in a freezer full of acetylene gas. In this confrontation, the main character confidently fires her gun because the freezer was "18 below" which is below the flashpoint of acetylene.
This fact seemed ludicrous to me because if the temperature really was below the flashpoint of acetylene, then my knowledge of how flashpoints work tells me that the acetylene should be condensing out of gas phase into either solid or liquid, and acetylene sublimes at -84C.
The UK National Fire Chief Council reports the flash point of acetylene with $\pu-17 ^\circC$ (reference); while the US American (Californian?) firefightinsider states $\pu-0.7 ^\circF$ or $\pu-18.15 ^\circC$. It didn't take long to find these values (open access) on the internet. I speculate average Jane and Joe (regardless if they are [gas] welding, or not) don't mind the small difference but treat the gas with the respect it deserves.
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a chemical can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. A lower flash point indicates higher flammability. Measuring a flash point (open-cup or close-cup) requires an ignition source. At the flash point, the vapor may cease to burn when the ignition source is removed. You can often find it in the section 9 of a safety data sheet (SDS).
Flash point is mainly used to distinguish flammable liquids from combustible liquids and non-flammable liquids. The picture below is an example of GHS classification criteria for flammable liquids. A liquid with a flash point between 23 and 60 Celsius degrees will be classified as flammable liquid category 3. A liquid with a flash point above 93 Celsius degrees does not meet GHS classification criteria and will not be regarded as a flammable liquid or a hazardous chemical.
Under dangerous goods regulations, a liquid with a flash point below 60 Celsius degrees will be classified as Class 3 Dangerous Goods FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS. Materials with flash points below 100 F (38 C) are regulated in the United States by OSHA as potential workplace hazards.
CANNON flash point reference materials are produced in accordance with ASTM D56, Tag Closed Cup Flash Point, ASTM D92, Cleveland Open Cup Flash Point and ASTM D93, Pensky Marten Closed Cup Flash Point. Lot specific data including average flash point and observed standard deviation from a statistical analyis of 40 tests in 20 different laboratories is provided with each standard. Flash Point Reference Materials are sold in 200 mL bottles.
The Rapid Tester is a semiautomatic instrument for determining the flash point temperature / combustibility of flammable liquids. Closed cup test temperatures from ambient to 572F (300C) are automatically controlled by the set-a-temp adjustable digitally preset target temperature circuitry. Integral digital LCD display, NIST traceable thermometer, and electronic timer are standard.
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