Biotechnology Study Guide Pdf

[Samantha Figueredo]

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Introduction:Biotechnology is a large field of biology that involves the development, modification, and production of useful goods for human welfare using both the technology and the application of live organisms and their components.

The proliferation of cells in bioreactors is known as bioprocess engineering. The technique yields a huge culture volume, resulting in a greater yield of the needed protein. The obtained goods are put through a variety of procedures. Before further testing, the goods are filtered by downstream processing and put through a quality check. Antibiotics, vaccines Influenza), and other therapeutic medications (Insulin) are made using this method.

The process through which the instructions in our DNA are transformed into a functioning result, such as a protein, is known as gene expression. Transcription and translation are the two most important processes in producing a protein.

Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms to develop or create different products. The cells manipulated using this technology contain genes that encode proteins of interest (the product). Gene expression is the process by which the instructions in these genes are converted into the desired protein. Thus gene expression is important to biotechnology.

Restriction enzymes cut DNA at or near restriction sites, with particular recognition nucleotide sequences. Isolated restriction enzymes are key tools for recombinant DNA technology and modify DNA for many scientific applications.

A bioreactor is a cylindrical cylinder in which large-scale biological activities are carried out. By supplying appropriate growth conditions such as temperature, pH, substrate, salts, vitamins, and oxygen, a bioreactor helps to get the desired result.

We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about Biotechnology! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun! ?

Biotechnology is used to solve practical problems and to answer fundamental research questions throughout the world. Biotechnology majors can benefit from a study abroad experience by learning about the key scientific, social, economic, commercial, and ethical issues associated with the development and growth of the biotechnology industry on a global stage. Students majoring in Biotechnology may also find benefit by using their elective credit or general education requirements to supplement an international experience.

See the list of recommended study abroad programs below. Please be aware that for any external or exchange study abroad programs listed, students will need to check with their academic department to see if courses taken while abroad will transfer and fulfill needed requirements.

A curated set of metadata for culture collections, museums, herbaria and other natural history collections. The records display collection codes, information about the collections' home institutions, and links to relevant data at NCBI.

A collection of genomics, functional genomics, and genetics studies and links to their resulting datasets. This resource describes project scope, material, and objectives and provides a mechanism to retrieve datasets that are often difficult to find due to inconsistent annotation, multiple independent submissions, and the varied nature of diverse data types which are often stored in different databases.

A collection of biomedical books that can be searched directly or from linked data in other NCBI databases. The collection includes biomedical textbooks, other scientific titles, genetic resources such as GeneReviews, and NCBI help manuals.

A resource to provide a public, tracked record of reported relationships between human variation and observed health status with supporting evidence. Related information in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR), MedGen, Gene, OMIM, PubMed and other sources is accessible through hyperlinks on the records.

A centralized page providing access and links to resources developed by the Structure Group of the NCBI Computational Biology Branch (CBB). These resources cover databases and tools to help in the study of macromolecular structures, conserved domains and protein classification, small molecules and their biological activity, and biological pathways and systems.

A collection of sequence alignments and profiles representing protein domains conserved in molecular evolution. It also includes alignments of the domains to known 3-dimensional protein structures in the MMDB database.

The dbVar database has been developed to archive information associated with large scale genomic variation, including large insertions, deletions, translocations and inversions. In addition to archiving variation discovery, dbVar also stores associations of defined variants with phenotype information.

An archive and distribution center for the description and results of studies which investigate the interaction of genotype and phenotype. These studies include genome-wide association (GWAS), medical resequencing, molecular diagnostic assays, as well as association between genotype and non-clinical traits.

Includes single nucleotide variations, microsatellites, and small-scale insertions and deletions. dbSNP contains population-specific frequency and genotype data, experimental conditions, molecular context, and mapping information for both neutral variations and clinical mutations.

GenBank is an NIH genetic sequence database, an annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences. GenBank is part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, which comprises the DNA DataBank of Japan (DDBJ), the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), and GenBank at NCBI. These three organizations exchange data on a daily basis. GenBank consists of several divisions, most of which can be accessed through the Nucleotide database. The exceptions are the EST and GSS divisions, which are accessed through the Nucleotide EST and Nucleotide GSS databases, respectively.

A searchable database of genes, focusing on genomes that have been completely sequenced and that have an active research community to contribute gene-specific data. Information includes nomenclature, chromosomal localization, gene products and their attributes (e.g., protein interactions), associated markers, phenotypes, interactions, and links to citations, sequences, variation details, maps, expression reports, homologs, protein domain content, and external databases.

A public functional genomics data repository supporting MIAME-compliant data submissions. Array- and sequence-based data are accepted and tools are provided to help users query and download experiments and curated gene expression profiles.

Stores curated gene expression and molecular abundance DataSets assembled from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. DataSet records contain additional resources, including cluster tools and differential expression queries.

Stores individual gene expression and molecular abundance Profiles assembled from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. Search for specific profiles of interest based on gene annotation or pre-computed profile characteristics.

A collection of expert-authored, peer-reviewed disease descriptions on the NCBI Bookshelf that apply genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients and families with specific inherited conditions.

A voluntary registry of genetic tests and laboratories, with detailed information about the tests such as what is measured and analytic and clinical validity. GTR also is a nexus for information about genetic conditions and provides context-specific links to a variety of resources, including practice guidelines, published literature, and genetic data/information. The initial scope of GTR includes single gene tests for Mendelian disorders, as well as arrays, panels and pharmacogenetic tests.

Contains sequence and map data from the whole genomes of over 1000 organisms. The genomes represent both completely sequenced organisms and those for which sequencing is in progress. All three main domains of life (bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota) are represented, as well as many viruses, phages, viroids, plasmids, and organelles.

The Genome Reference Consortium (GRC) maintains responsibility for the human and mouse reference genomes. Members consist of The Genome Center at Washington University, the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The GRC works to correct misrepresented loci and to close remaining assembly gaps. In addition, the GRC seeks to provide alternate assemblies for complex or structurally variant genomic loci. At the GRC website ( ), the public can view genomic regions currently under review, report genome-related problems and contact the GRC.

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