The garbled screen could be caused by a defective disk, a hardware
issue, or something else.
What you see there - starting with the "MZ" characters and including the
"clock$" and "timer$" strings are actually contents of some OS/2
executable. I have no clue how this information ended up on the screen,
but it's definitely not normal. I really don't think any of this is
related to the RTC module (unless the POST defaults to some problematic
values, but that seems unlikely and it would cause problems during the
memtest run too).
It's strange that you are getting different results now. You may be
right about the defective floppy...
You wanna edit the configuration files on the hard drive, right? If it's
installed on an HPFS partition, you won't be able to access the files
from DOS. You could try pressing ALT+F1 when the [OS/2] text appears in
the top left corner - that should drop you to the recovery menu. From
there you should be able to switch to a different config or drop to the
command prompt. (also, ALT+F2 should show what modules are being loaded,
but the TRAP handler will probably clear the screen immediately...).