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Single UNIX Specification Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ Version 1.9)

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Single UNIX Specification Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ Version 1.9)

Last Updated : Oct 28 2004: freq.ques,v 1.9


This is the Frequently Asked Questions file for the Single UNIX
Specification. Its maintainer is Andrew Josey (ajosey at The Open Group).
Suggestions and contributions are always welcome.

This document can be found on the world wide web at
http://www.opengroup.org/austin/papers/single_unix_faq.html.

UNIX(R) is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the USA and other
countries.

The Open Group holds the definition of what a UNIX system is and its
associated trademark in trust for the industry. The official web site
for more information is http://www.unix.org.

For a backgrounder on the UNIX(R) System and SCO / IBM legal action
see:
http://www.unix.org/backgrounder.html

This article includes answers to the following.

Q0. What is the Single UNIX Specification?
Q1. What is The Open Group Base Working Group ?
Q2. What is the Austin Group?
Q3. What is the latest version of the Single UNIX Specification?
Q4. Where can I read/download the Single UNIX Specification Version 3
from? Is there a book?
Q5. Where can I read/download earlier versions of the Single UNIX
Specification from?
Q6. How do I become a participant in the Working Groups?
Q7. What is covered in the Base Definitions Technical Standard (XBD)?
Q8. What is covered in the System Interfaces Technical Standard (XSH)?
Q9. What is covered in the Shell and Utilities Technical Standard (XCU)?
Q10. What is covered in the Rationale Technical Standard (XRAT)
Q11. What is covered in the X/Open Curses Specification (XCURSES)?
Q12. How many APIs are there? Is there a list of APIs?
Q13. What Options are there in the Version 3 Specification?
Q14. What are the required directories and devices?
Q15. What regular expressions are supported?
Q16. How should I compile a conforming program?
Q17. What is the Relationship to the ISO C Standard?
Q18. What happened to the Networking Services Specification (XNS)?
Q19. What System Interfaces are included by Category?
Q20. What is the history of the development of the Single UNIX
Specification?
Q21. How does the Single UNIX Specification compare to the Linux
Standard Base?
Q22. What are the core technical changes in the latest version of the
Single UNIX Specification?
Q23. Does removal of obsolescent utility syntax mean that
implementations supporting usages of head -5 file, tail -5 file,
tail -l file are no longer allowed?
Q24. Does an operating system have to be derived from AT&T/SCO code to
meet the Single UNIX Specification?
Q25. What about UNIX Certification?
Q26. Where can I get a UNIX License Plate from?
Q27. How do I add a question to this FAQ?

------------------------------------------------------------------------

*Q0. What is the Single UNIX Specification?*

The Single UNIX Specification is a set of open, consensus specifications
that define the requirements for a conformant UNIX system. The
standardized programming environment provides a broad-based functional
set of interfaces to support the porting of existing UNIX applications
and the development of new applications. The environment also supports a
rich set of tools for application development.

The Single UNIX Specification came into being when in 1994 Novell (who
had acquired the UNIX systems business of AT&T/USL) decided to get out
of that business. Rather than sell the business as a single entity,
Novell transferred the rights to the UNIX trademark and the
specification (that subsequently became the Single UNIX Specification)
to The Open Group (at the time X/Open Company). Subsequently, it sold
the source code and the product implementation (UNIXWARE) to SCO. The
Open Group also owns the trademark UNIXWARE, transferred to them from
SCO more recently.

*Q1. What is The Open Group Base Working Group ?*

The Open Group's Base Working Group is the group that has and continues
to develop the technical specifications that make up the Single UNIX
Specification. More information can be found at
http://www.opengroup.org/platform/ . The Base Working Group is one of
the three parties involved in the Austin Group that maintain the Base
Specifications of the Single UNIX Specification Version 3, which are
also IEEE Std 1003.1 (POSIX) and ISO/IEC 9945.

*Q2. What is the Austin Group?*

The Austin Common Standards Revision Group (CSRG) is a joint technical
working group established to develop and maintain the core volumes of
the Single UNIX Specification, which are also the POSIX 1003.1 standard
and ISO/IEC 9945. Anyone wishing to participate in the Austin Group can
do so. There are no fees for participation or membership. You may
participate as an observer or as a contributor. You do not have to
attend face-to-face meetings to participate, electronic participation is
most welcome.

See http://www.opengroup.org/austin/ for more information.

See http://www.opengroup.org/austin/faq.html for the Austin Group FAQ.

*Q3. What is the latest version of the Single UNIX Specification?*

The latest version is the Single UNIX Specification Version 3. The 2004
edition of the Single UNIX Specification was published on April 30th 2004
and updates the 2001/2003 editions of the specification to include
Technical Corrigendum 1 (TC1) and Technical Corrigendum 2 (TC2).
It consists of The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6 and the
X/Open Curses, Issue 4, Version 2 specification.

The Single UNIX Specification uses The Open Group Base Specifications,
Issue 6 documentation as its core. The documentation is structured as
follows:

* Base Definitions, Issue 6 (XBD)
* Shell and Utilities, Issue 6 (XCU)
* System Interfaces, Issue 6 (XSH)
* Rationale (Informative)

New for this version of the Single UNIX Specification is the
incorporation of IEEE Std 1003.1 (POSIX) and ISO/IEC 9945 into the
document set; The Open Group Base Specifications, Issue 6, ISO/IEC
9945 and IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition are technically identical.
The base document for the joint revision of the documents was The Open
Group's Base volumes of its Single UNIX Specification, Version 2. These
were selected since they were a superset of the existing POSIX.1 and
POSIX.2 specifications and had some organizational aspects that would
benefit the audience for the new revision.

Detailed information on the Single UNIX Specification, including
accessing the version 3 specification in html is available at
http://www.unix.org/version3/

*Q4. Where can I read/download the Single UNIX Specification Version 3
from? Is there a book?*

The html version of the latest version (which incorporates technical
corrigendum 1) is available to read and download from:
URL:http://www.unix.org/version3/, you need to register for a copy.

A summary of the changes in Technical Corrigendum 1 is available from:
URL:http://www.opengroup.org/austin/docs/austin_155.txt.

The pdf text of just the Technical Corrigendum 1 (changes to the 2001
edition) is available from: URL:
http://www.opengroup.org/pubs/catalog/u057.htm .

A summary of the changes in Technical Corrigendum 2
is available from: URL:http://www.opengroup.org/austin/docs/austin_206.txt.

The pdf text of just the Technical Corrigendum 2 (changes to the 2001/2003
edition) is available from: URL:
http://www.opengroup.org/pubs/catalog/u059.htm .

The complete specification in pdf format is available to members of The
Open Group from The Open Group publications catalog. If you wish to
signup up your organization to become a member of The Open Group and are
an active participant in the Austin Group you can sign up for no fee at
http://www.opengroup.org/austin/ogmembers/ (note
this is for companies and organizations only). If you want to join as an
individual, or are working on standardization activities and need a copy
to assist you in your work, please contact Andrew Josey directly, he can
then add you as an individual affiliate member.

Ongoing draft specifications for future technical corrigenda are
available online from the Austin Group web site at
http://www.opengroup.org/austin/ . You need to be a member of the Austin
Group. Information on how to join the group is on the web site.

URL:http://www.opengroup.org/austin/. (Austin Group Home Page)

Periodically The Open Group does hardcopy runs on the complete 4000 page
request.Check the Open Group publications catalog for availability
(http://www.opengroup.org/publications/). The Open Group also produces a
number of Guide Books, including The Single UNIX Specification Version
3 on CDROM, The Authorized Guide (http://www.unix.org/version3/theguide.html),
and the UNIX Internationalization Guide (this is the latest)
(http://www.opengroup.org/publications/catalog/g032.htm).

*Q5. Where can I read/download earlier version of the Single UNIX
Specification from?*

The specifications that make up the original Single UNIX Specification
(1994) and the Single UNIX Specification Version 2 (1997), and other
related specifications can be download in pdf, and html where available,
from The Open Group publications catalog at
http://www.opengroup.org/publications/catalog/un.htm.

*Q6. How do I become a participant in the Working Groups?*

To participate in the Austin Group just join the open mailing list. See
http://www.opengroup.org/austin/lists.html for more information.

URL:http://www.opengroup.org/austin/lists.html. (How to Join the Austin
Group)

If you want to join the Base Working Group please contact Andrew Josey
for further information.

*Q7. What is covered in the Base Definitions Technical Standard (XBD)?*

The XBD document is part of the Base Specifications, Issue 6. XBD
provides common definitions for the Base Specifications of the Single
UNIX Specification; therefore readers should be familiar with it before
using the other parts of the Single UNIX Specification. The presence of
this document reduces duplication in the other related parts of the
Single UNIX Specification and ensures consistent use of terminology.

This document is structured as follows:

* Chapter 1 is an introduction which includes the scope of the Base
Specifications, and the scope of the changes made in this
revision. Normative references, terminology, and portability codes
used throughout the Base Specifications are included in this chapter.

* Chapter 2 defines the conformance requirements, both for
implementation and application conformance. For implementation
conformance, this includes documentation requirements, conformance
definitions for the core POSIX subset, conformance definitions for
systems conforming to the Single UNIX Specification (denoted as
the XSI extension), and option groups (previously known as feature
groups).

* Chapter 3 contains the general terms and definitions that apply
throughout the Base Specifications.

* Chapter 4 describes general concepts that apply throughout the
Base Specifications.

* Chapter 5 describes the notation used to specify file input and
output formats in XBD and XCU.

* Chapter 6 describes the portable character set and the process of
character set definition.

* Chapter 7 describes the syntax for defining internationalization
locales as well as the POSIX locale provided on all systems.

* Chapter 8 describes the use of environment variables for
internationalization and other purposes.

* Chapter 9 describes the syntax of pattern matching using regular
expressions employed by many utilities and matched by the
regcomp() and regexec() functions. Both Basic Regular
Expressions (BREs) and Extended Regular Expressions (EREs) are
described in this chapter.

* Chapter 10 describes files and devices found on all systems and
their semantics. For example, the device /dev/null is an
infinite data source and data sink.

* Chapter 11 describes the asynchronous terminal interface for many
of the functions in XSH and the stty utility in XCU.

* Chapter 12 describes the policies for command line argument
construction and parsing. It contains the utility argument syntax
used throughout XCU, and also utility syntax guidelines for naming
of utilities and the specification of their arguments and
option-arguments and operands.

* Chapter 13 defines the contents of headers which declare
constants, macros, and data structures that are needed by programs
using the services provided by the system interfaces defined in
XSH. These are in the form of reference pages and are organized
alphabetically.

*Q8. What is covered in the System Interfaces Technical Standard (XSH)*

The XSH document is part of the Base Specifications, Issue 6. XSH
describes a set of system interfaces offered to application programs by
systems conformant to this part of the Single UNIX Specification.
Readers are expected to be experienced C language programmers, and to be
familiar with the XBD document.

This document is structured as follows:

* Chapter 1 explains the status of this document and its
relationship to other formal standards. The scope, conformance,
and definitions sections are pointers to the XBD document; the
sections are here to meet ISO/IEC rules regarding required
sections. The terminology and portability codes are identical to
the section in XBD and repeated here for ease of reference.

* Chapter 2 contains important concepts, terms, and caveats relating
to the rest of this document. This includes information on the
compilation environment, the name space, definitions of error
numbers, signal concepts, standard I/O streams, STREAMS, XSI IPC,
realtime, threads, sockets, tracing, and data types.

* Chapter 3 defines the functional interfaces to systems conformant
to this part of the Single UNIX Specification. These are in the
form of reference pages and are organized alphabetically.

*Q9. What is covered in the Shell and Utilities Technical Standard (XCU)?*

The XCU^1 <#tag_foot_1> document is part of the Base Specifications,
Issue 6. XCU describes the shell and utilities that are available to
application programs on systems conformant to this part of the Single
UNIX Specification. Readers are expected to be familiar with the XBD
document.

This document is structured as follows:

* Chapter 1 explains the status of this document and its
relationship to other formal standards, including the ISO C
standard and also the XSH document. It also describes the utility
limits, grammar conventions, defaults used by the utility
descriptions, considerations for utilities in support of large
files, and the list of required built-in utilities. The scope,
conformance, and definitions sections are pointers to the XBD
document; the sections are here to meet ISO/IEC rules regarding
required sections. The terminology and portability codes are
identical to the section in XBD and repeated here for ease of
reference.

* Chapter 2 describes the command language-that is, the shell
command language interpreter-used in systems conformant to the
Single UNIX Specification.

* Chapter 3 describes a set of services and utilities that are
implemented on systems supporting the Batch Environment option.

* Chapter 4 consists of reference pages for all utilities available
on systems conforming to the Single UNIX Specification. These are
in the form of reference pages and are organized alphabetically.

Footnote
1.
The acronym ``XCU'' derives from the previous version of the
specification which was called ``Commands and Utilities''.

*Q10. What is covered in the Rationale Technical Standard (XRAT)*

The XRAT document is part of the Base Specifications, Issue 6. The XRAT
document has been published to assist in the process of review and
understanding of the main text. It contains historical information
concerning the contents of the Base Specifications, Issue 6 and why
features were included or discarded by the standard developers. It also
contains notes of interest to application programmers on recommended
programming practices, emphasizing the consequences of some aspects that
may not be immediately apparent.

This document is organized in parallel to the normative documents of the
Base Specification, with a separate part (Parts A, B, and C) for each of
the three normative documents. In addition, two additional parts are
included: Part D, Portability Considerations and Part E Subprofiling
Considerations. The Portability Considerations chapter includes a report
on the perceived user requirements for the Base Specification and how
the facilities provided satisfy those requirements, together with
guidance to writers of profiles on how to use the configurable options,
limits, and optional behavior. The Subprofiling Considerations chapter
satisfies the requirement that the document address subprofiling. This
contains an example set of subprofiling options.

*Q11. What is covered in the X/Open Curses Specification (XCURSES)?*

XCURSES is not part of the Base Specifications, Issue 6. XCURSES
describes a set of interfaces providing a terminal-independent method of
updating character screens that are available to application programs on
systems conformant to this part of the Single UNIX Specification. This
document should be read in conjunction with The Open Group Corrigendum U056.

This document is structured as follows:

* Chapter 1 introduces Curses, gives an overview of enhancements
that have been made to this version, and lists specific interfaces
marked TO BE WITHDRAWN. This chapter also defines the requirements
for conformance to this document and shows the generic format
followed by interface definitions in Chapter 4.

* Chapter 2 describes the relationship between Curses and the C
language, the compilation environment, and the X/Open System
Interface (XSI) operating system requirements. It also defines the
effect of the interface on the name space for identifiers and
introduces the major data types that the interfaces use.

* Chapter 3 gives an overview of Curses. It discusses the use of
some of the key data types and gives general rules for important
common concepts such as characters, renditions, and window
properties. It contains general rules for the common Curses
operations and operating modes. This information is implicitly
referenced by the interface definitions in Chapter 4. The chapter
explains the system of naming the Curses functions and presents a
table of function families. Finally, the chapter contains notes
regarding use of macros and restrictions on block-mode terminals.

* Chapter 4 defines the Curses functional interfaces.

* Chapter 5 defines the contents of headers which declare constants,
macros, and data structures that are needed by programs using the
services provided by Chapter 4.

* Chapter 6 discusses the /terminfo/ database which Curses uses to
describe terminals. The chapter specifies the source format of a
/terminfo/ entry using a formal grammar, an informal discussion,
and an example. Boolean, numeric, and string capabilities are
presented in tabular form.

* Appendix A discusses the use of these capabilities by the writer
of a terminfo entry to describe the characteristics of the
terminal in use.

* The chapters are followed by a glossary, which contains normative
definitions of terms used in the document.

*Q12. How many APIs are there? Is there a list of APIs?*

There are 1742 APIs, broken down as follows: XSH 1123, XCU 160, XBD 84
and XCURSES 375.

A list of APIs is available at
http://www.unix-systems.org/version3/apis.html.

*Q13. What Options are there in the Version 3 Specification?*

The Version 3 Specification includes a set of profiling options,
allowing larger profiles of the options of the Base standard. In earlier
versions of the Single UNIX Specification these were formerly known as
Feature Groups. The Option Groups within the Single UNIX Specification
are defined within XBD, Section 2.1.5.2, XSI Option Groups.

The Single UNIX Specification Version 3 contains the following Option
Groups:

* Encryption, covering the functions crypt(), encrypt( ), and setkey.()
* Realtime, covering the functions from the IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993
Realtime extension.
* Realtime Threads, covering the functions from the IEEE Std
1003.1c-1995 Threads extension that are related to realtime
functionality.
* Advanced Realtime, covering some of the non-threads-related
functions from IEEE Std 1003.1d-1999 and IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000.
* Advanced Realtime Threads, covering some of the threads-related
functions from IEEE Std 1003.1d-1999 and IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000.
* Tracing, covering the functionality from IEEE Std 1003.1q-2000.
* XSI STREAMS, covering the functionality and interfaces related to
STREAMS, a uniform mechanism for implementing networking services
and other character-based I/O as described in XSH, Section 2.6,
STREAMS. This was mandatory in previous versions of the Single
UNIX Specification, but is now optional in this version.
* Legacy, covering the functionality and interfaces which were
mandatory in previous versions of the Single UNIX Specification,
but are optional in this version.

*Q14. What are the required directories and devices?*

The Single UNIX Specification describes an applications portability
environment, and as such defines a certain minimal set of directories
and devices that applications regularly use.

The following directories are defined:

* / The root directory of the file system.
* /dev Contains the devices /dev/console, /dev/null, and
/dev/tty.
* /tmp A directory where applications can create temporary files.

The directory structure does not cross into such system management
issues as where user accounts are organized or software packages are
installed. Refer to XBD, Section 10.1, Directory Structure and Files for
more information. XBD, Chapter 10, Directory Structure and Devices also
defines the mapping of control character sequences to real character
values, and describes the actions an implementation must take when it
cannot support certain terminal behavior.

*Q15. What regular expressions are supported?*

Both Basic Regular Expressions (BREs) and Extended Regular Expressions
(EREs) are supported and are described in XBD, Chapter 9, Regular
Expressions and all of the utilities and interfaces that use regular
expressions refer back to this definition.

Basic regular expressions: csplit, ctags, ed, ex, expr, grep, more, nl,
pax, pg, sed, vi

Extended regular expressions: awk, egrep, grep -E, lex

The functions regcomp() and regexec() in XSH, Chapter 3, System
Interfaces implement regular expressions as defined in the Single UNIX
Specification.

*Q16. How should I compile a conforming program?*

XCU defines c99 as the interface to the C compilation environment. The
c99 interface is new to this version of the specification and an
interface to the standard C compiler. The c89 and cc utilities are no
longer defined in this version of the Single UNIX Specification although
implementations may additionally support them for backwards-compatibility.

There are a number of tasks that must be done to effectively make the
interface environment available to a program. A number of C-language
macros, referred to as feature test macros, must be defined before any
headers are included. These macros might more accurately be referred to
as header configuration macros, as they control what symbols and
prototypes will be exposed by the headers. The macro _XOPEN_SOURCE must
be defined to a value of 600 to make available the functionality of the
Single UNIX Specification, Version 3. With respect to POSIX
functionality covered by the Single UNIX Specification, this is
equivalent to defining the POSIX macro {_POSIX_C_SOURCE} to be 200112L.

Use of the {_XOPEN_SOURCE} macro should not be confused with the other
feature test macros associated with Feature Groups and functionality,
such as {_XOPEN_UNIX}. These feature test macros are the
implementation's way of announcing functionality to the application.

*Q17. What is the Relationship to the ISO C Standard?*

The most recent revision to the ISO C standard occurred in 1999. The ISO
C standard is itself independent of any operating system in so much as
it may be implemented in many environments including hosted environments.

The Single UNIX Specification has a long history of building on the ISO
C standard and deferring to it where applicable. Whereas revisions of
POSIX.1 prior to the Austin Group specification built upon the ISO C
standard by reference only, and also allowed support for traditional C
as an alternative. The Single UNIX Specification in contrast, has always
included manual pages for the ISO C interfaces.

The Version 3 Specification takes the latter approach. The standard
developers believed it essential for a programmer to have a single
complete reference place. They also recognized that deference to the
formal standard had to be addressed for the duplicate interface
definitions which occur in both the ISO C standard and their document.

It was agreed that where an interface has a version in the ISO C
standard, the DESCRIPTION section should describe the relationship to
the ISO C standard and markings added as appropriate within the manual
page to show where the ISO C standard has been extended.

A block of text was added to the start of each affected reference page
stating whether the page is aligned with the ISO C standard or extended.
Each page was parsed for additions beyond the ISO C standard and these
extensions are marked as CX extensions (for C Extensions).

*Q18. What happened to the Networking Services Specification (XNS)?*

Unlike previous versions of the Single UNIX Specification, for Version 3
the Networking Services have now been integrated into the Base
Specifications. This includes sockets and IP address resolution
interfaces. The X/Open Transport Interface (XTI) is no longer a
requirement in Version 3 of the Single UNIX Specification. As with other
functions in XSH, the application developer needs to define
{_XOPEN_SOURCE} to be 600 prior to the inclusion of any Single UNIX
Specification headers. The c99 compiler utilities recognize the
additional -l operand for the xnet library.

*Q19. What System Interfaces are included by Category?*

The system interfaces in the Version 3 specification categorized by
functional grouping are as follows:

Jump Interfaces

longjmp(), setjmp()

Maths Library Interfaces

acos(), acosf(), acosh(), acoshf(), acoshl(), acosl(),
asin(), asinf(), asinh(), asinhf(), asinhl(), asinl(),
atan(), atan2(), atan2f(), atan2l(), atanf(), atanh(),
atanhf(), atanhl(), atanl(), cabs(), cabsf(), cabsl(),
cacos(), cacosf(), cacosh(), cacoshf(), cacoshl(),
cacosl(), carg(), cargf(), cargl(), casin(), casinf(),
casinh(), casinhf(), casinhl(), casinl(), catan(),
catanf(), catanh(), catanhf(), catanhl(), catanl(),
cbrt(), cbrtf(), cbrtl(), ccos(), ccosf(), ccosh(),
ccoshf(), ccoshl(), ccosl(), ceil(), ceilf(), ceill(),
cexp(), cexpf(), cexpl(), cimag(), cimagf(), cimagl(),
clog(), clogf(), clogl(), conj(), conjf(), conjl(),
copysign(), copysignf(), copysignl(), cos(), cosf(),
cosh(), coshf(), coshl(), cosl(), cpow(), cpowf(),
cpowl(), cproj(), cprojf(), cprojl(), creal(), crealf(),
creall(), csin(), csinf(), csinh(), csinhf(), csinhl(),
csinl(), csqrt(), csqrtf(), csqrtl(), ctan(), ctanf(),
ctanh(), ctanhf(), ctanhl(), ctanl(), erf(), erfc(),
erfcf(), erfcl(), erff(), erfl(), exp(), exp2(),
exp2f(), exp2l(), expf(), expl(), expm1(), expm1f(),
expm1l(), fabs(), fabsf(), fabsl(), fdim(), fdimf(),
fdiml(), floor(), floorf(), floorl(), fma(), fmaf(),
fmal(), fmax(), fmaxf(), fmaxl(), fmin(), fminf(),
fminl(), fmod(), fmodf(), fmodl(), fpclassify(),
frexp(), frexpf(), frexpl(), hypot(), hypotf(),
hypotl(), ilogb(), ilogbf(), ilogbl(), isfinite(),
isgreater(), isgreaterequal(), isinf(), isless(),
islessequal(), islessgreater(), isnan(), isnormal(),
isunordered(), ldexp(), ldexpf(), ldexpl(), lgamma(),
lgammaf(), lgammal(), llrint(), llrintf(), llrintl(),
llround(), llroundf(), llroundl(), log(), log10(),
log10f(), log10l(), log1p(), log1pf(), log1pl(), log2(),
log2f(), log2l(), logb(), logbf(), logbl(), logf(),
logl(), lrint(), lrintf(), lrintl(), lround(),
lroundf(), lroundl(), modf(), modff(), modfl(), nan(),
nanf(), nanl(), nearbyint(), nearbyintf(), nearbyintl(),
nextafter(), nextafterf(), nextafterl(), nexttoward(),
nexttowardf(), nexttowardl(), pow(), powf(), powl(),
remainder(), remainderf(), remainderl(), remquo(),
remquof(), remquol(), rint(), rintf(), rintl(), round(),
roundf(), roundl(), scalbln(), scalblnf(), scalblnl(),
scalbn(), scalbnf(), scalbnl(), signbit(), sin(),
sinf(), sinh(), sinhf(), sinhl(), sinl(), sqrt(),
sqrtf(), sqrtl(), tan(), tanf(), tanh(), tanhf(),
tanhl(), tanl(), tgamma(), tgammaf(), tgammal(),
trunc(), truncf(), truncl()

General ISO C Library Interfaces

abs(), asctime(), atof(), atoi(), atol(), atoll(),
bsearch(), calloc(), ctime(), difftime(), div(),
feclearexcept(), fegetenv(), fegetexceptflag(),
fegetround(), feholdexcept(), feraiseexcept(), fesetenv(),
fesetexceptflag(), fesetround(), fetestexcept(),
feupdateenv(), free(), gmtime(), imaxabs(), imaxdiv(),
isalnum(), isalpha(), isblank(), iscntrl(), isdigit(),
isgraph(), islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(),
isupper(), isxdigit(), labs(), ldiv(), llabs(), lldiv(),
localeconv(), localtime(), malloc(), memchr(), memcmp(),
memcpy(), memmove(), memset(), mktime(), qsort(),
rand(), realloc(), setlocale(), snprintf(), sprintf(),
srand(), sscanf(), strcat(), strchr(), strcmp(),
strcoll(), strcpy(), strcspn(), strerror(), strftime(),
strlen(), strncat(), strncmp(), strncpy(), strpbrk(),
strrchr(), strspn(), strstr(), strtod(), strtof(),
strtoimax(), strtok(), strtol(), strtold(), strtoll(),
strtoul(), strtoull(), strtoumax(), strxfrm(), time(),
tolower(), toupper(), tzname, tzset(), va_arg(),
va_copy(), va_end(), va_start(), vsnprintf(), vsprintf(),
vsscanf()

Thread-Safe General ISO C Library Interfaces

asctime_r(), ctime_r(), gmtime_r(), localtime_r(),
rand_r(), strerror_r(), strtok_r()

Wide-Character ISO C Library Interfaces

btowc(), iswalnum(), iswalpha(), iswblank(), iswcntrl(),
iswctype(), iswdigit(), iswgraph(), iswlower(),
iswprint(), iswpunct(), iswspace(), iswupper(),
iswxdigit(), mblen(), mbrlen(), mbrtowc(), mbsinit(),
mbsrtowcs(), mbstowcs(), mbtowc(), swprintf(), swscanf(),
towctrans(), towlower(), towupper(), vswprintf(),
vswscanf(), wcrtomb(), wcscat(), wcschr(), wcscmp(),
wcscoll(), wcscpy(), wcscspn(), wcsftime(), wcslen(),
wcsncat(), wcsncmp(), wcsncpy(), wcspbrk(), wcsrchr(),
wcsrtombs(), wcsspn(), wcsstr(), wcstod(), wcstof(),
wcstoimax(), wcstok(), wcstol(), wcstold(), wcstoll(),
wcstombs(), wcstoul(), wcstoull(), wcstoumax(), wcsxfrm(),
wctob(), wctomb(), wctrans(), wctype(), wmemchr(),
wmemcmp(), wmemcpy(), wmemmove(), wmemset()

General C Library Extension Interfaces

fnmatch(), getopt(), optarg, opterr, optind, optopt

Device Input and Output Interfaces

FD_CLR(), FD_ISSET(), FD_SET(), FD_ZERO(), clearerr(),
close(), fclose(), fdopen(), feof(), ferror(), fflush(),
fgetc(), fgets(), fileno(), fopen(), fprintf(), fputc(),
fputs(), fread(), freopen(), fscanf(), fwrite(), getc(),
getchar(), gets(), open(), perror(), printf(),
pselect(), putc(), putchar(), puts(), read(), scanf(),
select(), setbuf(), setvbuf(), stderr, stdin, stdout,
ungetc(), vfprintf(), vfscanf(), vprintf(), vscanf(),
write()

General Terminal Interfaces

cfgetispeed(), cfgetospeed(), cfsetispeed(), cfsetospeed(),
ctermid(), isatty(), tcdrain(), tcflow(), tcflush(),
tcgetattr(), tcsendbreak(), tcsetattr(), ttyname()

Thread-Safe General Terminal Interfaces

ttyname_r()

File Descriptor Management Interfaces

dup(), dup2(), fcntl(), fgetpos(), fseek(), fseeko(),
fsetpos(), ftell(), ftello(), ftruncate(), lseek(),
rewind()

FIFO Interfaces

mkfifo()

File Attributes Interfaces

chmod(), chown(), fchmod(), fchown(), umask()

Thread-Safe Stdio Locking Interfaces

flockfile(), ftrylockfile(), funlockfile(), getc_unlocked(),
getchar_unlocked(), putc_unlocked(), putchar_unlocked()

File System Interfaces

access(), chdir(), closedir(), creat(), fpathconf(),
fstat(), getcwd(), link(), mkdir(), opendir(),
pathconf(), readdir(), remove(), rename(), rewinddir(),
rmdir(), stat(), tmpfile(), tmpnam(), unlink(), utime()

File System Extensions Interfaces

glob(), globfree()

Thread-Safe File System Interfaces

readdir_r()

Job Control Interfaces

setpgid(), tcgetpgrp(), tcsetpgrp()

Multiple Processes Interfaces

_Exit(), _exit(), assert(), atexit(), clock(), execl(),
execle(), execlp(), execv(), execve(), execvp(), exit(),
fork(), getpgrp(), getpid(), getppid(), setsid(),
sleep(), times(), wait(), waitpid()

Networking Interfaces

accept(), bind(), connect(), endhostent(), endnetent(),
endprotoent(), endservent(), freeaddrinfo(), gai_strerror(),
getaddrinfo(), gethostbyaddr(), gethostbyname(),
gethostent(), gethostname(), getnameinfo(), getnetbyaddr(),
getnetbyname(), getnetent(), getpeername(),
getprotobyname(), getprotobynumber(), getprotoent(),
getservbyname(), getservbyport(), getservent(),
getsockname(), getsockopt(), h_errno, htonl(), htons(),
if_freenameindex(), if_indextoname(), if_nameindex(),
if_nametoindex(), inet_addr(), inet_ntoa(), inet_ntop(),
inet_pton(), listen(), ntohl(), ntohs(), recv(),
recvfrom(), recvmsg(), send(), sendmsg(), sendto(),
sethostent(), setnetent(), setprotoent(), setservent(),
setsockopt(), shutdown(), socket(), sockatmark(),
socketpair()

Pipe Interfaces

pipe()

Regular Expressions Interfaces

regcomp(), regerror(), regexec(), regfree()

Shell and Utilities Interfaces

pclose(), popen(), system(), wordexp(), wordfree()

Signal Interfaces

abort(), alarm(), kill(), pause(), raise(), sigaction(),
sigaddset(), sigdelset(), sigemptyset(), sigfillset(),
sigismember(), signal(), sigpending(), sigprocmask(),
sigsuspend(), sigwait()

Signal Jump Functions Interfaces

siglongjmp(), sigsetjmp()

Single Process Interfaces

confstr(), environ, errno, getenv(), setenv(),
sysconf(), uname(), unsetenv()

Symbolic Links Interfaces

lstat(), readlink(), symlink()

System Database Interfaces

getgrgid(), getgrnam(), getpwnam(), getpwuid()

Thread-Safe System Database Interfaces

getgrgid_r(), getgrnam_r(), getpwnam_r(), getpwuid_r()

Threads Interfaces

pthread_addr_setstacksize(), pthread_atfork(),
pthread_attr_destroy(), pthread_attr_getdetachstate(),
pthread_attr_getstackaddr(), pthread_attr_getstacksize(),
pthread_attr_init(), pthread_attr_setdetachstate(),
pthread_attr_setschedparam(), pthread_attr_setstackaddr(),
pthread_barrierattr_destroy(), pthread_barrierattr_getpshared(),
pthread_barrierattr_init(), pthread_barrierattr_setpshared(),
pthread_barrier_destroy(), pthread_barrier_init(),
pthread_barrier_wait(), pthread_cancel(),
pthread_cleanup_pop(), pthread_cleanup_push(),
pthread_cond_broadcast(), pthread_cond_destroy(),
pthread_cond_init(), pthread_cond_signal(),
pthread_cond_timedwait(), pthread_cond_wait(),
pthread_condattr_destroy(), pthread_condattr_getpshared(),
pthread_condattr_init(), pthread_condattr_setpshared(),
pthread_create(), pthread_detach(), pthread_equal(),
pthread_exit(), pthread_getschedparam(),
pthread_getspecific(), pthread_join(), pthread_key_create(),
pthread_key_delete(), pthread_kill(), pthread_mutex_destroy(),
pthread_mutex_init(), pthread_mutex_lock(),
pthread_mutex_timedlock(), pthread_mutex_trylock(),
pthread_mutex_unlock(), pthread_mutexattr_destroy(),
pthread_mutexattr_getpshared(), pthread_mutexattr_init(),
pthread_mutexattr_setpshared(), pthread_once(),
pthread_rwlockattr_destroy(), pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared(),
pthread_rwlockattr_init(), pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared(),
pthread_rwlock_destroy(), pthread_rwlock_init(),
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(), pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock(),
pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock(), pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(),
pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(), pthread_rwlock_unlock(),
pthread_rwlock_wrlock(), pthread_self(),
pthread_setcancelstate(), pthread_setcanceltype(),
pthread_setspecific(), pthread_sigmask(),
pthread_spin_destroy(), pthread_spin_init(),
pthread_spin_lock(), pthread_spin_trylock(),
pthread_spin_unlock(), pthread_testcancel()

Realtime Threads Interfaces

pthread_attr_getinheritsched(), pthread_attr_getschedpolicy(),
pthread_attr_getscope(), pthread_attr_setinheritsched(),
pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(), pthread_attr_setscope(),
pthread_getschedparam(), pthread_mutex_getprioceiling(),
pthread_mutex_setprioceiling(),
pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling(),
pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol(),
pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling(),
pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol(), pthread_setschedparam()

Realtime Interfaces

aio_cancel(), aio_error(), aio_fsync(), aio_read(),
aio_return(), aio_suspend(), aio_write(), clock_getres(),
clock_gettime(), clock_settime(), fdatasync(), lio_listio(),
mlock(), mlockall(), mq_close(), mq_getattr(),
mq_notify(), mq_open(), mq_receive(), mq_send(),
mq_setattr(), mq_timedreceive(), mq_timedsend(),
mq_unlink(), munlock(), munlockall(), nanosleep(),
sched_get_priority_max(), sched_get_priority_min(),
sched_getparam(), sched_getscheduler(),
sched_rr_get_interval(), sched_setparam(),
sched_setscheduler(), sched_yield(), sem_close(),
sem_destroy(), sem_getvalue(), sem_init(), sem_open(),
sem_post(), sem_timedwait(), sem_trywait(), sem_unlink(),
sem_wait(), shm_open(), shm_unlink(), sigqueue(),
sigtimedwait(), sigwaitinfo(), timer_create(),
timer_delete(), timer_getoverrun(), timer_gettime(),
timer_settime()

Tracing Interfaces

posix_trace_attr_destroy(), posix_trace_attr_getclockres(),
posix_trace_attr_getcreatetime(),
posix_trace_attr_getgenversion(),
posix_trace_attr_getinherited(),
posix_trace_attr_getlogfullpolicy(),
posix_trace_attr_getlogsize(),
posix_trace_attr_getmaxdatasize(),
posix_trace_attr_getmaxsystemeventsize(),
posix_trace_attr_getmaxusereventsize(),
posix_trace_attr_getname(),
posix_trace_attr_getstreamfullpolicy(),
posix_trace_attr_getstreamsize(), posix_trace_attr_init(),
posix_trace_attr_setinherited(),
posix_trace_attr_setlogfullpolicy(),
posix_trace_attr_setlogsize(),
posix_trace_attr_setmaxdatasize(), posix_trace_attr_setname(),
posix_trace_attr_setstreamfullpolicy(),
posix_trace_attr_setstreamsize(), posix_trace_clear(),
posix_trace_close(), posix_trace_create(),
posix_trace_create_withlog(), posix_trace_event(),
posix_trace_eventid_equal(), posix_trace_eventid_get_name(),
posix_trace_eventid_open(), posix_trace_eventset_add(),
posix_trace_eventset_del(), posix_trace_eventset_empty(),
posix_trace_eventset_fill(), posix_trace_eventset_ismember(),
posix_trace_eventtypelist_getnext_id(),
posix_trace_eventtypelist_rewind(), posix_trace_flush(),
posix_trace_get_attr(), posix_trace_get_filter(),
posix_trace_getnext_event(), posix_trace_get_status(),
posix_trace_open(), posix_trace_rewind(),
posix_trace_set_filter(), posix_trace_shutdown(),
posix_trace_start(), posix_trace_stop(),
posix_trace_timedgetnext_event(),
posix_trace_trid_eventid_open(), posix_trace_trygetnext_event()

Advisory Interfaces Interfaces

posix_fadvise(), posix_fallocate(), posix_madvise()

Typed Memory Interfaces Interfaces

posix_mem_offset(), posix_typed_mem_get_info(),
posix_typed_mem_open()

User and Group Interfaces

getegid(), geteuid(), getgid(), getgroups(), getlogin(),
getuid(), setegid(), seteuid(), setgid(), setuid()

Thread-Safe User and Group Interfaces

getlogin_r()

Wide Character Device Input and Output Interfaces

fgetwc(), fgetws(), fputwc(), fputws(), fwide(),
fwprintf(), fwscanf(), getwc(), getwchar(), putwc(),
putwchar(), ungetwc(), vfwprintf(), vfwscanf(),
vwprintf(), vwscanf(), wprintf(), wscanf()

XSI General C Library Interfaces

_tolower(), _toupper(), a64l(), daylight(), drand48(),
erand48(), ffs(), getcontext(), getdate(), getsubopt(),
hcreate(), hdestroy(), hsearch(), iconv(), iconv_close(),
iconv_open(), initstate(), insque(), isascii(), jrand48(),
l64a(), lcong48(), lfind(), lrand48(), lsearch(),
makecontext(), memccpy(), mrand48(), nrand48(), random(),
remque(), seed48(), setcontext(), setstate(), signgam,
srand48(), srandom(), strcasecmp(), strdup(), strfmon(),
strncasecmp(), strptime(), swab(), swapcontext(),
tdelete(), tfind(), timezone(), toascii(), tsearch(),
twalk()

XSI Encryption Interfaces

crypt(), encrypt(), setkey()

XSI Database Management Interfaces

dbm_clearerr(), dbm_close(), dbm_delete(), dbm_error(),
dbm_fetch(), dbm_firstkey(), dbm_nextkey(), dbm_open(),
dbm_store()

XSI Device Input and Output Interfaces

fmtmsg(), poll(), pread(), pwrite(), readv(), writev()

XSI General Terminal Interfaces

grantpt(), posix_openpt(), ptsname(), unlockpt()

XSI Dynamic Linking Interfaces

dlclose(), dlerror(), dlopen(), dlsym()

XSI File Descriptor Management Interfaces

truncate()

XSI File System Interfaces

basename(), dirname(), fchdir(), fstatvfs(), ftw(),
lchown(), lockf(), mknod(), mkstemp(), nftw(),
realpath(), seekdir(), statvfs(), sync(), telldir(),
tempnam()

XSI Internationalization Interfaces

catclose(), catgets(), catopen(), nl_langinfo()

XSI Interprocess Communication Interfaces

ftok(), msgctl(), msgget(), msgrcv(), msgsnd(),
semctl(), semget(), semop(), shmat(), shmctl(), shmdt(),
shmget()

XSI Job Control Interfaces

tcgetsid()

XSI Jump Functions Interfaces

_longjmp(), _setjmp()

XSI Maths Library Interfaces

j0(), j1(), jn(), scalb(), y0(), y1(), yn()

XSI Multiple Process Interfaces

getpgid(), getpriority(), getrlimit(), getrusage(),
getsid(), nice(), setpgrp(), setpriority(), setrlimit(),
ulimit(), usleep(), vfork(), waitid()

XSI Signal Interfaces

bsd_signal(), killpg(), sigaltstack(), sighold(),
sigignore(), siginterrupt(), sigpause(), sigrelse(),
sigset(), ualarm()

XSI Single Process Interfaces

gethostid(), gettimeofday(), putenv()

XSI System Database Interfaces

endpwent(), getpwent(), setpwent()

XSI System Logging Interfaces

closelog(), openlog(), setlogmask(), syslog()

XSI Thread Mutex Extensions Interfaces

pthread_mutexattr_gettype(), pthread_mutexattr_settype()

XSI Threads Extensions Interfaces

pthread_attr_getguardsize(), pthread_attr_setguardsize(),
pthread_getconcurrency(), pthread_setconcurrency()

XSI Timers Interfaces

getitimer(), setitimer()

XSI User and Group Interfaces

endgrent(), endutxent(), getgrent(), getutxent(),
getutxid(), getutxline(), pututxline(), setgrent(),
setregid(), setreuid(), setutxent()

XSI Wide-Character Library Interfaces

wcswidth(), wcwidth()

XSI Legacy Interfaces

bcmp(), bcopy(), bzero(), ecvt(), fcvt(), ftime(),
gcvt(), getwd(), index(), mktemp(), rindex(), utimes(),
wcswcs()

*Q20. What is the history of the development of the Single UNIX
Specification?*

The Open Group has been the custodian of the specification for the UNIX
system and the trademark since 1994. This is a source level API
specification which has traditionally built upon the formal IEEE POSIX
standards. It is vendor neutral and not tied to any particular
implementation.

The project that led to the creation of the Single UNIX Specification
started when several vendors (Sun Microsystems, IBM, Hewlett-Packard,
Novell/USL, and OSF) joined together to provide a single unified
specification of the UNIX system services. By implementing a single
common definition of the UNIX system services, third-party independent
software vendors (ISVs) would be able to more easily deliver strategic
applications on all of these vendors' platforms at once.

A two-pronged approach was used to develop the Single UNIX
Specification. First, a set of formal industry specifications was chosen
to form the overall base for the work. This would provide stability,
vendor neutrality, and lay a well charted course for future application
development, taking advantage of the careful work that has gone into
developing these specifications. It would also preserve the portability
of existing applications already developed to these core models.

The XPG4 Base (1992) was chosen as the stable functional base from which
to start. XPG4 Base supports the POSIX.1 system interface and the ISO C
standards at its core. It also provided a rich set of 174 commands and
utilities.

To this base was added the traditional UNIX System V Interface
Definition, (SVID) Edition 3, Level 1 calls, and the OSF Application
Environment Specification Full Use interface definitions. This
represented the stable central core of the latter two specifications.

The second part of the approach was to incorporate interfaces that were
acknowledged common practice but had not yet been incorporated into any
formal specification or standard. The intent was to ensure existing
applications running on UNIX systems would port with relative ease to a
platform supporting the Single UNIX Specification. A survey of real
world applications was used to determine what additional interfaces
would be required in the specification.

Fifty successful application packages were chosen to be analyzed using
the following criteria:

- Ranked in International Data Corp's. 1992, 'Survey of Leading UNIX
Applications',

- The application's domain of applicability was checked to ensure that
no single application type (for example, databases) was overly represented,

- The application had to be available for analysis either as source
code, or as a shared or dynamic linked library.

>From the group of fifty, the top ten were selected carefully, ensuring
that no more than two representative application packages in a
particular problem space were chosen. The ten chosen applications were:

AutoCAD; Cadence; FrameMaker; Informix; Island Write/Paint; Lotus 1-2-3;
SAS (4GL); Sybase; Teamwork; WordPerfect

APIs used by the applications that were not part of the base
specifications were analyzed:

- If an API was used by any of the top ten applications, it was
considered for inclusion.

- If an API was not used by one of the top ten, but was used by any
three of the remaining 40 applications, it was considered for inclusion.

- While the investigation of these 50 applications was representative of
large complex applications, it still was not considered as a broad
enough survey, so an additional 3500 modules were scanned. If an API was
used at least seven times in modules that came from at least two
platforms (to screen out vendor specific libraries), then the interface
was considered for inclusion.

When the survey was complete, there were 130 interfaces that did not
already appear in the base specification. These interfaces were
predominantly BSD interfaces that had never been covered in XPG4 Base,
the SVID, or the AES, but did represent common practice in UNIX system
applications developed originally on BSD-derived platforms. Such things
as sockets and the 4.3BSD memory management calls were commonly used in
many applications.

The goal was to ensure that APIs in common use were included, even if
they were not in the formal specifications that made up the base. Making
the Single UNIX Specification a superset of existing base specifications
ensured any existing applications should work unmodified.

The Single UNIX Specification has evolved through several iterations;
Version 2 in 1997 incorporated updates to the formal standards, as well
as industry driven additions such as large file handling, dynamic
linking, datasize neutrality and extended threads functionality. Version
3 in 2001 merges with the IEEE POSIX standard.

A list of the interfaces in Version 3 of the Single UNIX Specification
together with comparative information on the presence of the interface
in other specifications is available at http://www.unix.org/v3-apis.html

A wall poster with the history and timeline of the Single UNIX
Specification is available at http://www.unix.org/Posters/

*Q21. How does the Single UNIX Specification compare to the Linux
Standard Base?*

The Single UNIX Specification specifies application programming
interfaces (APIs) at the source level, and is about application source
code portability. Its neither a code implementation nor an operating
system, but a stable definition of a programming interface that those
systems supporting the specification guarantee to provide to the
application programmer. Efforts such as the Linux Standard Base, and
similarly the iBCS2 for x86 implementations of System V, are primarily about
binary portability and define a specific binary implementation of an
interface to operating system services.

The LSB draws on the Single UNIX Specification for many of its
interfaces although does not formally defer to it preferring to
document any differences where they exist, such as where certain
aspects of Linux cannot currently conform to the industry standards.
Some interfaces are not included in the LSB, since they are outside
the remit of a binary runtime environment, typically these are
development interfaces or user level tools.

Two white papers with further information on this topic are at:
http://www.opengroup.org/platform/single_unix_specification/doc.tpl?gdid=6075
http://www.opengroup.org/platform/single_unix_specification/doc.tpl?gdid=5992

*Q22. What are the core technical changes in the latest version of the
Single UNIX Specification?*

The main changes are as follows: alignment with ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (ISO
C), integration of the Networking Services volume (apart from XTI),
support for IPv6, integration of recent POSIX realtime amendments (
1003.1d, 1003.1j, 1003.1q), amendments to the core POSIX functionality
from the 1003.2b and 1003.1a amendments, application of technical
corrigendum from The Open Group and IEEE interpretations, revision of
options , removal of obsolescent and legacy interfaces.


*Q23. Does removal of obsolescent utility syntax mean that
implementations supporting usages of head -5 file, tail -5 file,
tail -l file are no longer allowed?*

No, in general the intent of removing the obsolescent forms of the
utility synopses was not to disallow them to be supported by
implementations but to downgrade the status of their use in
applications from conforming application using an obsolescent
feature to non-conforming application. In general it is allowed
for utilities to have extensions that violate the utility syntax
guidelines so long as the forms defined in the standard that are
required to follow the utility syntax guidelines do so. The cases
cited fit the case. The Austin Group has more general cases under
review at the present time.


*Q24. Does an operating system have to be derived from AT&T/SCO code to
meet the Single UNIX Specification?*

No. As the owner of the UNIX trademark, The Open Group has separated the
UNIX trademark from any actual code stream itself, thus allowing
multiple implementations. Since the introduction of the Single UNIX
Specification, there has been a single, open, consensus specification
that defines the requirements for a conformant UNIX system.

*Q25. What about UNIX Certification?*

There is a mark, or brand, that is used to identify those products that
have been certified as conforming to the Single UNIX Specification,
initially UNIX 93, followed subsequently by UNIX 95, UNIX 98 and now
UNIX 03. Information on the UNIX certification program which operates
under The Open Group's Open Brand, can be found at
http://www.opengroup.org/certification/idx/unix.html

The UNIX 03 Certification Guide is available at
http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/docs/UNIX03_Certification_Guide.html.

The Practical Guide to the Open Brand is available at
http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/Certification_Guide/

The register of Certified Products is available at
http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/

*Q26. Where can I get a UNIX License Plate from?*

The classic "Live Free or Die" license plates can be ordered from The
Open Group's publications catalog at:
http://www.opengroup.org/publications/catalog/n900.htm.

A wall poster with the story of the history of the license plate
can be downloaded from http://www.unix.org/Posters/

*Q27. How do I add a question to this FAQ?*

Send the question (preferably with a proposed answer) to Andrew Josey.


----
Andrew Josey
Austin Group Chair
#include <std/disclaimer.h>
http://www.unix.org/version3/

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