Caleb,
It is possible to what you are requesting.
I've seen some medical devices (e.g. blood glucose monitors) with a
rudimentary serial port (RX,TX) that allow one to send a query command
at which point they will transmit data that can be received, buffered
and processed.
Unfortunately, most of those use proprietary commands and you must
request that information from the company. Some ingenious 3rd party guys
have used a serial port 'spy' to decipher those commands and have
released their own programs (usually low in cost) to use that
information as well.
As far as printers, I regularly use my HP LaserJet 4050TN with its
built-in RS-232 serial port with a legacy Apple IIgs computer, so it's
not unheard of. In that case, HP understands PJL commands and I can send
those and receive data back from the printer through the serial port.
Likewise, if it put the LaserJet in PostScript mode, I can use
PostScript commands to query the printer and receive data back.
It is doubtful that any medical device, however, will use either PJL or
PostScript.
So, to summarize, I would suggest you first contact the manufacturer's
support people to see if they would provide the information for you. If
not, check for 3rd party solutions and don't forget to check for
open-source software where the proper protocol will be disclosed.
Good luck.
Hugh Hood