LLNL Library
Grant Stockly
for my MST-80 processor trainer kit from LLNL I found what you're
looking for.
Its a 46 page book available from Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory.
Try this link:
http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/171286.pdf
If it doesn't work, let me know and I can describe how to search
through their site to get to it.
And if someone would like to help me, I'm looking for any information
on the MST-80 single board microprocessor trainer kit.
Grant Stockly
Grant Stockly
Grant Stockly
Grant Stockly
nos...@nouce.bellatlantic.net
wrote:
Ok thats the floating point package.
I suspect the LL 8k Basic as published by Interface Age magazine
(DEC 76, jan 77 and feb 77 issues) and also in their compendium
of software "Best of Interface Age Volume1 Software in BASIC"
has your answer. The first 138 pages!
The software package ran on a MCS80 or similar. The whole mess was 8K
or less and the interpreter was some 6k with some of the remaining
space as ODT a monitor. ODT was a mere 256bytes. The reason I
linked this to the floating point package is that was published as
part of the LLBasic. Yes, it was a floating point basic.
ODT was small and unusual but also supplied the IO for the BASIC.
Hope that helps.
Allison
French Luser
Wahoo! Interesting stuff, at last!
Many thanks, Grant.
I will print it tomorrow. I have no idea when I will be able to retype it.
Yours Sincerely,
"French Luser"
French Luser
interesting, since the previous reference contains only the listing, without
test software or anything objective.
Yours Sincerely,
"French Luser"
Charles Richmond
VOLUME 2 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE BASIC AND DISK TINY BASIC
2.1 84K LLLBASIC.ASM LLLBASIC INTERPRETER SOURCE
2.2 38K LLLBASIC.COM SIMPLE PATCHED COM FOR CP/M
2.3 2K LLLBASIC.DOC NOTES ON LLLBASIC
2.4 61K LLLFP.ASM FLOATING-POINT PACKAGE FOR LLLBASIC
2.5 2K LLLMON.ASM KLUGE MONITOR TO TEST LLL IN LLLBASIC.COM
2.6 2K STARTREK.DOC COMMENTS ON STARTREK.TBI
2.7 6K STARTREK.TBI TINY BASIC LOADABLE STARTREK
2.8 3K TINYBAS.COM SHERRY version WANG PALO ALTO TINY BASIC,
2.9 13K TINYBAS.DOC FULL INSTRUCTIONS FOR TINYBAS
This can be downloaded as an .ARK file from:
http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/cdrom/SIMTEL/CPMUG/CPMUG002.ARK
--
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Charles and Francis Richmond richmond at plano dot net |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
French Luser
----------
"How to poke octal values in biased locations in RAM?"
Ok. So, Grant Stockly has found, in the archives of the Lawrence
Livermore Laboratories, a PDF file containing a 8008/8080
Floating-Point package that the LLL used circa 1973-1975.
Since I have a small interest in how Intel 8008 and 8080 CPUs
work in general, and Floating-Point arithmetic in particular, I
had a look.
The few pages of doc say that it is based on another FP package
purchased by LLL from David Mead of Recognition System (circa
1973), then that it was modified by Hal Brand (24-bit mantissa
and I/O routines) and Frank Olken (overflow/underflow problems)
in September 1974 and June 1975, respectively.
Ok. I then turned the page and had a look to the listing...
Gasp! It had been assembled using an octal absolute assembler.
Now, I must explain one of my little secrets: when I recreate
the source code of a program, rather than retype the mnemonics,
I retype the opcodes, save them in a file, then let my favorite
disassembler recreate the mnemonics of the source code.
This saves me from typing. 8080 code has 1 to 3 bytes per line,
so I type 2 to 6 hex numbers per line, rather than typing a tab,
the mnemonic (2 to 4 letters), then another tab (the original
program was putting a space between the mnemonic and the
operand, instead), then the operand(s). Rather than using my two
hands, I have the index finger of my left hand on the listing,
pointing to the byte to enter, and the fingers of my right hand
entering the hex values.
(This is how I entered the 12KB of the TDL Extended Precision
BASIC that was once mentioned in the comp.os.cpm Newsgroup,
after finding its dump in a German book.) (I made 5 typos.) (But
I prefer HEX files.)
I addition, the disassembler finds any typos I could have done
when retyping, or find a bug in the original source code (rare,
but it happens from time to time, or the assembler used was not
Intel-compatible, the way there were 4 VERY different syntaxes
of the Zilog Z-80 mnemonics, at the beginning). (To be
compatible and portable, I only use MAC for 8080 stuff, and M80
for Z-80 stuff. The debuggers are, of course, SID and ZSID.)
In the present case, everything was in Octal, so I could no
longer use SID (or DDT). The code was starting at 4400 Octal,
which happens to be 0900H, and was ending at 7716, which happens
to be 0FCEH, meaning that this FP package is 1742-bytes long
(1.7K), or average length for a 8080 FP package. At least, it
was CP/M-compatible.
The only thing that prevented me from using SID is that all
assembly language utilities for CP/M uses the hexadecimal system
(and rightly so, in my opinion). I remember having had, at the
beginning, when I had a NorthStar Horizon with a daisy-wheel
printer, a BASIC program dumping memory in Octal and
Split-Octal, but I have no idea what it has become. And I never
was a fan of Octal, anyway.
I once considered retyping an Octal debugger published in DDJ,
to play with my ASR-33 Teletype, but finally decided that nobody
(except Unix freaks) used Octal anymore. (When Andrew Tanenbaum
published his Minix book, I couldn't prevent myself from
noticing that he was still using octal numbers, despite their
length on the IBM Clown! The "rwx" bits of Unix are just showing
the age of this old donkey.)
So, it was clearly a unusual, "one-off" problem. Of course, over
the years, I made several "poke byte" subroutines in BASIC. So,
I simply played with one of them until it worked the way I liked
it.
I decided to do it the old fashioned way: poking the program in
memory, then saving it in a file. The problem was that BASIC was
loading at the bottom of the TPA, where the program should have
been loaded. So, it was necessary to use 2 addresses: one where
the program would be really poked in memory, and the octal
address(es) of the print-out of the program, so as not to be
(too much) confused while entering the 32 pages of octal values.
In addition, I decided that I was tired of typing on the
RETURN/ENTER key after each number, and that, since all octal
numbers are 3-digits long, the BASIC program should advance to
the next memory location when I enter the 3rd digit of one
opcode.
After a few minutes, I got:
4400: 000 315
4401: 000 151
4402: 000 014
4403: 000 315
4404: 000 332
4405: 000 012
4406: 000 302
4407: 000 022
4410: 000 011
4411: 000 315
4412: 000 342
4413: 000 012
4414: 000 312
4415: 000 250
4416: 000 013
4417: 000 303
4420: 000 257
4421: 000 013
4422: 000 315
4423: 000 342
4424: 000 012
4425: 000 312
4426: 000 133
4427: 000 014
(That's the beginning of the LDIV routine, page A-1.)
Now that I have the custom tool to do this job, I only need to
find the time to retype the 32 pages. To be continued...
10 REM POCTAL.BAS by Emmanuel ROCHE
20 '
30 PRINT
40 INPUT "POCTAL> Memory address (HEX without H) : " ; sa$
50 INPUT " Octal address (OCT without O) : " ; oa$
60 PRINT
70 sa = VAL ("&H" + sa$)
80 oa = VAL ("&O" + oa$)
90 PRINT OCT$ (oa, 4) ": " OCT$ (PEEK (sa), 3) " " ;
100 by$ = ""
110 FOR i = 1 TO 3
120 by$ = by$ + INPUT$ (1)
130 PRINT MID$ (by$, i) ;
140 NEXT i
150 PRINT
160 by = VAL ("&O" + by$)
170 POKE sa, by
180 sa = sa + 1
190 oa = oa + 1
200 GOTO 90
Yours Sincerely,
"French Luser"
EOF
nos...@nouce.bellatlantic.net
Octal is not a unixism/ However unix was created on Octal machines!
The following machines are octal oriented.
PDP-1
PDP-4
PDP-5
PDP-7
PDP-8
PDP-9
PDP-10
PDP-11
Some (PDP7 and 11) ran unix but the native OSs tended to be
octal notation and the front pannels were octal oriented.
Also all of the docs are octal as are the manuals to setup boards.
Infact all DEC systems but the VAX and MIPs based( MIPS used
hex and ran unix).
Heath H8 OCTAL Keypad
MITS Altair front pannel switches were grouped in threes (octal)
MITSs programming package 1 (resident editor/assembler/debugger)
was octal. Most of the published software for it was octal.
The 8080 is octal oriented, look at the opcodes and see the
pattern. Z80 is as well being inheritor of 8080.
CP/M was the first OS I had contact with in the 8080 world that
was hex. The 6800, SC/MP, 1802, 8048, were hex from
day one. CP/M was where I also moved from 8080 to Z80.
The transistion from octal to hex was coincident with Z80 and
also the appearence of machines (8080/8085/z80) that had
no front pannel.
I'm not pro octal, only if you going to play in the real old area of
8080 software history (especially pre 1978) then be prepared for
Octal or Hex.
It was fun back then. If you had disk (rare!) is was likely
incompatable with someone that also had one. Magazine
articles before '78 were all over the map on 8080/z80 code
in octal and hex.
Allison
>So, it was clearly a unusual, "one-off" problem. Of course, over
>the years, I made several "poke byte" subroutines in BASIC. So,
>I simply played with one of them until it worked the way I liked
>it.
No it shouldn't be as early 8080 was definately octal. All of the
Intel docs of the era were octal (for both 8080 and 8008). It was
the move to Z80 that brought hex as Zilog used hex notation.
Just be glad the writers didn't choose to print a BNPF dump!
Allison
Max Scane
<nos...@nouce.bellatlantic.net> wrote in message
news:6rbih25llp0m5gj5c...@4ax.com...
---snip---
DG front panels were also octal. Octal was a lot easier when you had to key
in a bootstrap, you only had to remember the key positions up to 7!
French Luser
LLLFP.WS4
---------
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Floating-Point (LLLFP) package
Original title:
- "Floating-Point Package for Intel 8008 and 8080 Microprocessors"
Michael D. Maples
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory,
University of California/Livermore, California 94550,
October 24, 1975
(Retyped by Emmanuel ROCHE.)
UCRL-51940
Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of
Energy by Lawrence Livermore Laboratory under Contract
W-7405-ENG-48.
Distribution Category: UC-32
Contents
--------
Abstract
Introduction
Selection and use of operations
Acknowledgments
Appendix: Source listing of Floating-Point Package
Abstract
--------
The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory has used a scientific-notation
mathematics package that performs Floating-Point arithmetic with
Intel 8008 and 8080 microprocesors. The execution times for the
mathematical operations -- add, subtract, multiply, divide, and
square root -- range from 3 to 77 ms. Instructions for using the
Floating-Point Package and a source listing of it are included.
Introduction
------------
For the last two years, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory has used a
scientific-notation mathematics package (Floating-Point Package)
with the Intel 8008 and 8080 microprocessors. This package
allows addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
square root operations. Table 1 shows the execution times for
these operations. The program listing of the complete 8080
Floating-Point Package is in the Appendix. The package uses some
I/O calls from an octal debug routine (ODT) that has become a
standard part of all inhouse LLL microcomputers, but this need
not be necessary. The appropriate ODT calls (6 or 7) in the I/O
routines can easily be replaced by assembly language
equivalents.
Table 1. Worst-case execution times for the 8080 microprocessor
using a 0.5-us clock with the package in programmable read-only
memory (PROM)
Operation Execution times (ms)
--------- --------------------
Add 3
Subtract 3
Multiply 7
Divide 8
Square root 77
The Floating-Point Package uses 24 bits of mantissa for
approximately 7-1/2 digits of accuracy in expressing numeric
data. Obviously, this decreases rapidly when complex iterative
computations are used. Nevertheless, the package is functioning
quite satisfactorily in many experiments, with accuracy
requirements of one part per hundred thousand.
The package also indicates underflows and overflows, by placing
zeros in the mantissa and a 64 (decimal) in the exponent word.
Selection and use of operations
-------------------------------
All registers described in this paper points to four-word
internal mathematical storage areas, unless otherwise stated.
Also, before performing any mathematical operation, all needed
operands must be placed in the same random access memory (RAM),
along with any needed scratch areas (i.e., all must reside in
the same page of RAM). (ROCHE> Obviously, the author of this
paper has NOT the same idea of what is a "page" and a "word"
than me...)
The first problem is how to get the decimal numbers into the
correct format for use in the Floating-Point Package. The
routine INPUT performs the conversion for all teletypewriter
input. Also, it easily adapts to converting any BCD numeric
inputs from either digital panel meters (DPM) or thumbwheel
switches. To use INPUT, set the L-register to point at the
location in RAM where the result of the conversion is to be
placed, and set the C-register to point to another location in
RAM where intermediate steps are to be calculated. Then, do a
call to the INPUT routine that does the appropriate conversion
(see Table 2).
Table 2. Program for using INPUT routine. The scratch area is
15 (decimal) bytes long, but the converted number is only 4
bytes long.
Program Comments
----------- --------
MVI H,scrpg ; Set H to match scratch page (RAM)
MVI L,stwd ; Store floating-point number,
; starting at STWD.
MVI C,scr ; Scratch area
CALL input ;
The resulting floating-point number has three 8-bit words of
mantissa, and a fourth word that contains 6 bits of exponent, 1
bit for mantissa sign, and 1 bit for exponent sign (see Figure
1). Negative mantissa are indicated only by the sign bit, as the
mantissa itself is in sign-magnitude form. But the negative
exponents are in two's complement form.
Figure 1. Floating-point word format. This format allows
representation of numbers from +/-6.46235 * 10 to the power of
-27 to +/-4.61168 * 10 to the power of 18.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
STWD | | | | | | | | | Most significant word
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
STWD<-1 | | | | | | | | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
STWD<-2 | | | | | | | | | Least significant word
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
STWD<-3 | | | | | | | | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| +--> Exponent sign: 1=negative, 0=positive
+----> Mantissa sign: 1=negative, 0=positive
If an addition (LADD) is wanted, place the pointer to one addend
in the L-register, the pointer to the other addend in the
B-register, and a pointer in the C-register. The C-register
points to a four-word scratch area used during the addition
process. The result is pointed to by the L-register (see Table
3).
Table 3. Assembly language setup for addition.
Program Comments
----------- --------
MVI H,scrpg ; Set H to match scratch page (RAM)
MVI L,add1 ; Pointer four-word addend and final result
MVI B,add2 ; Pointer 2nd four-word addend
MVI C,scr ; Four-word scratch area
CALL ladd ; Turn control over to addition routines
The subtraction (LSUB) routine is very similar to the addition
routine. The L-register holds the pointer to the minuend, and
the B-register holds the pointer to the subtrahend. The
C-register once again is used as a four-word scratch area, and
the result is placed in the area pointed to by the L-register,
destroying the previous data residing there (see Table 4).
Table 4. Assembly language setup for subtraction.
Program Comments
----------- --------
MVI H,scrpg ; Set H to match scratch page (RAM)
MVI L,sub1 ; Pointer four-word minuend and final result
MVI B,sub2 ; Pointer to four-word subtraend
MVI C,scr ; Four-word scratch area
CALL lsub ; Turn control over to subtraction routines
If a multiplication (LMUL) is wanted, again use the L-, B-, and
C-registers. The pointer for the multiplicand resides in the
L-register, the pointer for the multiplier in the B-register,
and the pointer to the result in the C-register (see Table 5).
Table 5. Assembly language setup for multiplication.
Program Comments
----------- --------
MVI H,scrpg ; Set H to match scratch page (RAM)
MVI L,mlcan ; Pointer to four-word multiplicant
MVI B,mlplr ; Pointer to four-word multiplier
MVI C,rslt ; Four-word scratch area
CALL lmul ; Turn control over to multiply routines
Division (LDIV), like multiplication, uses the C-register to
hold the pointer to the result (quotient). The L-register
pointer refers to dividend, and the B-register pointer refers to
the divisor (see Table 6).
Table 6. Assembly language setup for division.
Program Comments
----------- --------
MVI H,scrpg ; Set H to match scratch page (RAM)
MVI L,dvdnd ; Pointer to four-word dividend
MVI B,dvsr ; Pointer to four-word divisor
MVI C,rslt ; Four-word scratch area
CALL ldiv ; Turn control over to divide routines
The square root routine (DSQRT) uses the L-register to point to
the number to be converted, the B-register to point to the final
converted number, and the C-register to point to a 14 (decimal)
word scratch area (see Table 7).
Table 7. Assembly language setup for square root.
Program Comments
----------- --------
MVI H,scrpg ; Set H to match scratch page (RAM)
MVI L,num ; Pointer to number to be converted
MVI B,dvsr ; Pointer to converted number
MVI C,scr ; 14 word scratch area
CALL dsqrt ; Turn control over to square root routine
The final routine is the output routine (CVRT). This routine
converts the binary floating-point number pointed to in the
L-register to its ASCII equivalent, and types it out on the
teletypewriter. This routine uses a 15 (decimal) word scratch
area pointed to by the C-register (see Table 8). The final data
is printed in scientific notation. The output routine, like the
INPUT routine, is easily modified to output its data to an
internal (memory) register for display on an LED display.
Table 8. Assembly language to set up OUTPUT routine for its
proper execution.
Program Comments
----------- --------
MVI H,scrpg ; Set H to match scratch page (RAM)
MVI L,outnm ; Number to be converted from floating
; to decimal, and printed in scientific
; notation on teletypewriter.
MVI C,scr ; 15 word scratch area
CALL cvrt ; Turn control over to convert routine
Table 9 gives a simple program that allows the user to check out
the various routines, and examine the various binary
floating-point numbers.
Table 9. Sample program that takes two operands from the
teletypewriter, divides them, and outputs the result to the
teletypewriter. This routine can be useful in becoming familiar
with the different routines in the Floating-Point Package.
Program Comments
------- --------
ORG 0940H Program starts at location 0940H
;
scrpg EQU 9 ; Scratch page is page 9
op1 EQU 0 ; Starting location of operand 1
op2 EQU op1+4 ; Starting location of operand 2
rsult EQU op2+4 ; Starting location of result
scr EQU rsult+4 ; Starting location of scratch area
MVI H,scrpg ; Set H register to RAM scratch page
MVI L,op1 ; Pointer to operand 1
MVI C,scr ; Scratch area
CALL input ; Input operand 1 from teletypewriter
MVI L,op2 ; Pointer to operand 2
MVI C,scr ; Scratch
CALL input ; Input operand 2 from teletypewriter
MVI L,op1 ; Operand-1 pointer in L-register
MVI B,op2 ; Operand-2 pointer in B-register
MVI C,rsult ; Result to C-register pointer
CALL ldiv ; Divide OP1 by OP2, and place result in RSULT
;
MVI L,rsult ; L-pointer now RSULT
MVI C,slr ; Scratch area
CALL cvrt ; Output number, starting in location RSULT,
; to teletypewriter.
;
HALT ; End
Acknowledgments
---------------
This package was based on a package purchased from David Mead of
Recognition System. Major modifications were made by Hal Brand,
to allow ASCII I/O and a triple-precision mantissa.
Overflow-underflow problems were resolved by Frank Olken. A
hardy thanks is given to Eugene Fisher for foreseeing the need
for such a package.
Appendix: Source listing of Floating-Point Package
--------------------------------------------------
(To be done)
EOF
French Luser
Livermore Laboratory Floating-Point Package, how do we check
that it corresponds, EXACTLY, to what the old photocopy of the
source code contains?
If we re-assemble it with MAC, we only get hexadecimal addresses
and bytes.
If we re-assemble it with M80, with the /O option, we get a PRN
file, but (1) M80 has a funny way of displaying addresses, and
(2) it would contain all the comments, adding to the length.
So, I decided to have a try. Maybe you remember the "list 8080
mnemonics" program in BASIC that I published in the comp.os.cpm
Newsgroup, several months/years ago?
It turns out that I only had to replace all the HEX$ functions
by OCT$, change the tabs (since octal needs more place), and add
2 lines taking into account the fact that the displayed
addresses are not the real RAM address.
(The only area where the following output does not conform with
the original 1975 listing is that it does not take into account
the DB bytes holding the powers of ten (and the macro
definition, of course).)
Now, all that remains to do is to check, line by line, number by
number, digit by digit, that the following correspond EXACTLY
with the old photocopy...
Good luck!
Yours Sincerely,
"French Luser"
run"listioct (=LIST Intel 8080 opcodes in OCTal)
004400: 315 151 014 CALL 014151 ; .i.
004403: 315 332 012 CALL 012332 ; ...
004406: 302 022 011 JNZ 011022 ; ...
004411: 315 342 012 CALL 012342 ; ...
004414: 312 250 013 JZ 013250 ; ...
004417: 303 257 013 JMP 013257 ; ...
004422: 315 342 012 CALL 012342 ; ...
004425: 312 133 014 JZ 014133 ; .[.
004430: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
004431: 151 MOV L, C ; i
004432: 315 035 013 CALL 013035 ; ...
004435: 153 MOV L, E ; k
004436: 315 020 014 CALL 014020 ; ...
004441: 151 MOV L, C ; i
004442: 315 351 012 CALL 012351 ; ...
004445: 026 027 MVI D, 027 ; ..
004447: 153 MOV L, E ; k
004450: 315 012 014 CALL 014012 ; ...
004453: 025 DCR D ; .
004454: 312 073 011 JZ 011073 ; .;.
004457: 175 MOV A, L ; }
004460: 151 MOV L, C ; i
004461: 117 MOV C, A ; O
004462: 315 351 012 CALL 012351 ; ...
004465: 175 MOV A, L ; }
004466: 131 MOV E, C ; Y
004467: 117 MOV C, A ; O
004470: 303 047 011 JMP 011047 ; .'.
004473: 315 341 013 CALL 013341 ; ...
004476: 372 115 011 JM 011115 ; .M.
004501: 175 MOV A, L ; }
004502: 151 MOV L, C ; i
004503: 117 MOV C, A ; O
004504: 315 351 012 CALL 012351 ; ...
004507: 115 MOV C, L ; M
004510: 153 MOV L, E ; k
004511: 315 071 014 CALL 014071 ; .9.
004514: 311 RET ; .
004515: 315 114 013 CALL 013114 ; .L.
004520: 223 SUB E ; .
004521: 376 177 CPI 177 ; ..
004523: 312 133 014 JZ 014133 ; .[.
004526: 306 001 ADI 001 ; ..
004530: 315 104 014 CALL 014104 ; .D.
004533: 311 RET ; .
004534: 257 XRA A ; .
004535: 303 142 011 JMP 011142 ; .b.
004540: 076 200 MVI A, 200 ; >.
004542: 315 357 013 CALL 013357 ; ...
004545: 315 342 012 CALL 012342 ; ...
004550: 310 RZ ; .
004551: 315 133 013 CALL 013133 ; .[.
004554: 312 234 011 JZ 011234 ; ...
004557: 127 MOV D, A ; W
004560: 332 177 011 JC 011177 ; ...
004563: 223 SUB E ; .
004564: 346 177 ANI 177 ; ..
004566: 127 MOV D, A ; W
004567: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
004570: 151 MOV L, C ; i
004571: 054 INR L ; ,
004572: 163 MOV M, E ; s
004573: 150 MOV L, B ; h
004574: 303 204 011 JMP 011204 ; ...
004577: 173 MOV A, E ; {
004600: 222 SUB D ; .
004601: 346 177 ANI 177 ; ..
004603: 127 MOV D, A ; W
004604: 076 030 MVI A, 030 ; >.
004606: 272 CMP D ; .
004607: 322 214 011 JNC 011214 ; ...
004612: 026 030 MVI D, 030 ; ..
004614: 267 ORA A ; .
004615: 315 370 012 CALL 012370 ; ...
004620: 025 DCR D ; .
004621: 302 214 011 JNZ 011214 ; ...
004624: 175 MOV A, L ; }
004625: 270 CMP B ; .
004626: 302 234 011 JNZ 011234 ; ...
004631: 151 MOV L, C ; i
004632: 054 INR L ; ,
004633: 156 MOV L, M ; n
004634: 315 002 012 CALL 012002 ; ...
004637: 315 357 013 CALL 013357 ; ...
004642: 376 002 CPI 002 ; ..
004644: 302 252 011 JNZ 011252 ; ...
004647: 303 215 013 JMP 013215 ; ...
004652: 026 001 MVI D, 001 ; ..
004654: 242 ANA D ; .
004655: 312 326 011 JZ 011326 ; ...
004660: 315 347 013 CALL 013347 ; ...
004663: 312 271 011 JZ 011271 ; ...
004666: 175 MOV A, L ; }
004667: 150 MOV L, B ; h
004670: 107 MOV B, A ; G
004671: 315 046 013 CALL 013046 ; .&.
004674: 315 357 011 CALL 011357 ; ...
004677: 315 347 013 CALL 013347 ; ...
004702: 312 255 012 JZ 012255 ; ...
004705: 175 MOV A, L ; }
004706: 150 MOV L, B ; h
004707: 107 MOV B, A ; G
004710: 171 MOV A, C ; y
004711: 110 MOV C, B ; H
004712: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
004713: 107 MOV B, A ; G
004714: 315 044 014 CALL 014044 ; .$.
004717: 170 MOV A, B ; x
004720: 101 MOV B, C ; A
004721: 117 MOV C, A ; O
004722: 153 MOV L, E ; k
004723: 303 255 012 JMP 012255 ; ...
004726: 315 133 013 CALL 013133 ; .[.
004731: 322 337 011 JNC 011337 ; ...
004734: 315 215 014 CALL 014215 ; ...
004737: 315 357 011 CALL 011357 ; ...
004742: 315 006 013 CALL 013006 ; ...
004745: 322 322 013 JNC 013322 ; ...
004750: 315 370 012 CALL 012370 ; ...
004753: 315 266 013 CALL 013266 ; ...
004756: 311 RET ; .
004757: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
004760: 151 MOV L, C ; i
004761: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
004762: 346 200 ANI 200 ; ..
004764: 153 MOV L, E ; k
004765: 054 INR L ; ,
004766: 054 INR L ; ,
004767: 054 INR L ; ,
004770: 137 MOV E, A ; _
004771: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
004772: 346 177 ANI 177 ; ..
004774: 203 ADD E ; .
004775: 167 MOV M, A ; w
004776: 055 DCR L ; -
004777: 055 DCR L ; -
005000: 055 DCR L ; -
005001: 311 RET ; .
005002: 315 171 014 CALL 014171 ; .y.
005005: 273 CMP E ; .
005006: 332 064 012 JC 012064 ; .4.
005011: 302 075 012 JNZ 012075 ; .=.
005014: 203 ADD E ; .
005015: 332 042 012 JC 012042 ; .".
005020: 315 341 013 CALL 013341 ; ...
005023: 362 106 012 JP 012106 ; .F.
005026: 315 364 013 CALL 013364 ; ...
005031: 332 124 012 JC 012124 ; .T.
005034: 302 110 012 JNZ 012110 ; .H.
005037: 076 002 MVI A, 002 ; >.
005041: 311 RET ; .
005042: 315 341 013 CALL 013341 ; ...
005045: 362 116 012 JP 012116 ; .N.
005050: 315 364 013 CALL 013364 ; ...
005053: 332 113 012 JC 012113 ; .K.
005056: 302 121 012 JNZ 012121 ; .Q.
005061: 303 037 012 JMP 012037 ; ...
005064: 315 341 013 CALL 013341 ; ...
005067: 372 106 012 JM 012106 ; .F.
005072: 303 026 012 JMP 012026 ; ...
005075: 315 341 013 CALL 013341 ; ...
005100: 372 116 012 JM 012116 ; .N.
005103: 303 050 012 JMP 012050 ; .(.
005106: 257 XRA A ; .
005107: 311 RET ; .
005110: 076 001 MVI A, 001 ; >.
005112: 311 RET ; .
005113: 076 003 MVI A, 003 ; >.
005115: 311 RET ; .
005116: 076 200 MVI A, 200 ; >.
005120: 311 RET ; .
005121: 076 201 MVI A, 201 ; >.
005123: 311 RET ; .
005124: 076 203 MVI A, 203 ; >.
005126: 311 RET ; .
005127: 315 133 013 CALL 013133 ; .[.
005132: 300 RNZ ; .
005133: 315 364 013 CALL 013364 ; ...
005136: 311 RET ; .
005137: 315 151 014 CALL 014151 ; .i.
005142: 315 332 012 CALL 012332 ; ...
005145: 312 257 013 JZ 013257 ; ...
005150: 315 342 012 CALL 012342 ; ...
005153: 312 257 013 JZ 013257 ; ...
005156: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005157: 151 MOV L, C ; i
005160: 315 000 000 CALL 000000 ; ...
005163: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005164: 026 044 MVI D, 044 ; .$
005166: 315 000 000 CALL 000000 ; ...
005171: 332 000 000 JC 000000 ; ...
005174: 175 MOV A, L ; }
005175: 151 MOV L, C ; i
005176: 117 MOV C, A ; O
005177: 315 000 000 CALL 000000 ; ...
005202: 175 MOV A, L ; }
005203: 151 MOV L, C ; i
005204: 117 MOV C, A ; O
005205: 025 DCR D ; .
005206: 302 000 000 JNZ 000000 ; ...
005211: 315 000 000 CALL 000000 ; ...
005214: 372 000 000 JM 000000 ; ...
005217: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005220: 151 MOV L, C ; i
005221: 315 000 000 CALL 000000 ; ...
005224: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005225: 315 000 000 CALL 000000 ; ...
005230: 203 ADD E ; .
005231: 376 040 CPI 040 ; .
005233: 312 000 000 JZ 000000 ; ...
005236: 326 001 SUI 001 ; ..
005240: 315 000 000 CALL 000000 ; ...
005243: 311 RET ; .
005244: 175 MOV A, L ; }
005245: 151 MOV L, C ; i
005246: 117 MOV C, A ; O
005247: 315 000 000 CALL 000000 ; ...
005252: 303 177 012 JMP 012177 ; ...
005255: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005256: 315 101 013 CALL 013101 ; .A.
005261: 127 MOV D, A ; W
005262: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005263: 315 332 012 CALL 012332 ; ...
005266: 312 215 013 JZ 013215 ; ...
005271: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005272: 267 ORA A ; .
005273: 372 313 012 JM 012313 ; ...
005276: 172 MOV A, D ; z
005277: 376 300 CPI 300 ; ..
005301: 312 143 013 JZ 013143 ; .c.
005304: 315 351 012 CALL 012351 ; ...
005307: 025 DCR D ; .
005310: 303 271 012 JMP 012271 ; ...
005313: 303 303 013 JMP 013303 ; ...
005316: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005317: 054 INR L ; ,
005320: 054 INR L ; ,
005321: 054 INR L ; ,
005322: 257 XRA A ; .
005323: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005324: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005325: 026 030 MVI D, 030 ; ..
005327: 303 263 312 JMP 312263 ; ...
005332: 054 INR L ; ,
005333: 054 INR L ; ,
005334: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005335: 055 DCR L ; -
005336: 266 ORA M ; .
005337: 055 DCR L ; -
005340: 266 ORA M ; .
005341: 311 RET ; .
005342: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005343: 150 MOV L, B ; h
005344: 315 332 012 CALL 012332 ; ...
005347: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005350: 311 RET ; .
005351: 054 INR L ; ,
005352: 054 INR L ; ,
005353: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005354: 267 ORA A ; .
005355: 027 RAL ; .
005356: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005357: 055 DCR L ; -
005360: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005361: 027 RAL ; .
005362: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005363: 055 DCR L ; -
005364: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005365: 027 RAL ; .
005366: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005367: 311 RET ; .
005370: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005371: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005372: 037 RAR ; .
005373: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005374: 054 INR L ; ,
005375: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005376: 037 RAR ; .
005377: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005400: 054 INR L ; ,
005401: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005402: 037 RAR ; .
005403: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005404: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005405: 311 RET ; .
005406: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005407: 150 MOV L, B ; h
005410: 054 INR L ; ,
005411: 054 INR L ; ,
005412: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005413: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005414: 054 INR L ; ,
005415: 054 INR L ; ,
005416: 206 ADD M ; .
005417: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005420: 150 MOV L, B ; h
005421: 054 INR L ; ,
005422: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005423: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005424: 054 INR L ; ,
005425: 216 ADC M ; .
005426: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005427: 150 MOV L, B ; h
005430: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005431: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005432: 216 ADC M ; .
005433: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005434: 311 RET ; .
005435: 257 XRA A ; .
005436: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005437: 054 INR L ; ,
005440: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005441: 054 INR L ; ,
005442: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005443: 055 DCR L ; -
005444: 055 DCR L ; -
005445: 311 RET ; .
005446: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005447: 054 INR L ; ,
005450: 054 INR L ; ,
005451: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005452: 150 MOV L, B ; h
005453: 054 INR L ; ,
005454: 054 INR L ; ,
005455: 226 SUB M ; .
005456: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005457: 054 INR L ; ,
005460: 054 INR L ; ,
005461: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005462: 055 DCR L ; -
005463: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005464: 150 MOV L, B ; h
005465: 054 INR L ; ,
005466: 236 SBB M ; .
005467: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005470: 054 INR L ; ,
005471: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005472: 055 DCR L ; -
005473: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005474: 150 MOV L, B ; h
005475: 236 SBB M ; .
005476: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005477: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005500: 311 RET ; .
005501: 054 INR L ; ,
005502: 054 INR L ; ,
005503: 054 INR L ; ,
005504: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005505: 346 177 ANI 177 ; ..
005507: 306 150 ADI 150 ; .h
005511: 356 100 XRI 100 ; .@
005513: 311 RET ; .
005514: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005515: 150 MOV L, B ; h
005516: 315 101 013 CALL 013101 ; .A.
005521: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005522: 137 MOV E, A ; _
005523: 315 101 013 CALL 013101 ; .A.
005526: 055 DCR L ; -
005527: 055 DCR L ; -
005530: 055 DCR L ; -
005531: 127 MOV D, A ; W
005532: 311 RET ; .
005533: 315 114 013 CALL 013114 ; .L.
005536: 127 MOV D, A ; W
005537: 223 SUB E ; .
005540: 027 RAL ; .
005541: 172 MOV A, D ; z
005542: 311 RET ; .
005543: 026 100 MVI D, 100 ; .@
005545: 315 237 013 CALL 013237 ; ...
005550: 076 000 MVI A, 000 ; >.
005552: 315 230 013 CALL 013230 ; ...
005555: 076 377 MVI A, 377 ; >.
005557: 267 ORA A ; .
005560: 311 RET ; .
005561: 026 077 MVI D, 077 ; .?
005563: 315 237 013 CALL 013237 ; ...
005566: 076 377 MVI A, 377 ; >.
005570: 315 230 013 CALL 013230 ; ...
005573: 076 177 MVI A, 177 ; >.
005575: 267 ORA A ; .
005576: 311 RET ; .
005577: 026 077 MVI D, 077 ; .?
005601: 315 237 013 CALL 013237 ; ...
005604: 076 377 MVI A, 377 ; >.
005606: 315 230 013 CALL 013230 ; ...
005611: 076 077 MVI A, 077 ; >?
005613: 267 ORA A ; .
005614: 311 RET ; .
005615: 054 INR L ; ,
005616: 054 INR L ; ,
005617: 054 INR L ; ,
005620: 066 100 MVI M, 100 ; 6@
005622: 257 XRA A ; .
005623: 315 230 013 CALL 013230 ; ...
005626: 267 ORA A ; .
005627: 311 RET ; .
005630: 055 DCR L ; -
005631: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005632: 055 DCR L ; -
005633: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005634: 055 DCR L ; -
005635: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005636: 311 RET ; .
005637: 054 INR L ; ,
005640: 054 INR L ; ,
005641: 054 INR L ; ,
005642: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005643: 346 200 ANI 200 ; ..
005645: 262 ORA D ; .
005646: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005647: 311 RET ; .
005650: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005651: 151 MOV L, C ; i
005652: 315 177 013 CALL 013177 ; ...
005655: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005656: 311 RET ; .
005657: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005660: 151 MOV L, C ; i
005661: 315 215 013 CALL 013215 ; ...
005664: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005665: 311 RET ; .
005666: 315 101 013 CALL 013101 ; .A.
005671: 376 077 CPI 077 ; .?
005673: 312 166 013 JZ 013166 ; .v.
005676: 127 MOV D, A ; W
005677: 024 INR D ; .
005700: 303 306 013 JMP 013306 ; ...
005703: 054 INR L ; ,
005704: 054 INR L ; ,
005705: 054 INR L ; ,
005706: 076 177 MVI A, 177 ; >.
005710: 242 ANA D ; .
005711: 127 MOV D, A ; W
005712: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005713: 346 200 ANI 200 ; ..
005715: 262 ORA D ; .
005716: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005717: 055 DCR L ; -
005720: 055 DCR L ; -
005721: 055 DCR L ; -
005722: 257 XRA A ; .
005723: 311 RET ; .
005724: 315 101 013 CALL 013101 ; .A.
005727: 376 300 CPI 300 ; ..
005731: 312 150 013 JZ 013150 ; .h.
005734: 127 MOV D, A ; W
005735: 025 DCR D ; .
005736: 303 306 013 JMP 013306 ; ...
005741: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005742: 151 MOV L, C ; i
005743: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005744: 267 ORA A ; .
005745: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005746: 311 RET ; .
005747: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005750: 151 MOV L, C ; i
005751: 026 002 MVI D, 002 ; ..
005753: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005754: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005755: 242 ANA D ; .
005756: 311 RET ; .
005757: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005760: 151 MOV L, C ; i
005761: 167 MOV M, A ; w
005762: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005763: 311 RET ; .
005764: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005765: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
005766: 150 MOV L, B ; h
005767: 276 CMP M ; .
005770: 153 MOV L, E ; k
005771: 300 RNZ ; .
005772: 054 INR L ; ,
005773: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
005774: 150 MOV L, B ; h
005775: 054 INR L ; ,
005776: 276 CMP M ; .
005777: 153 MOV L, E ; k
006000: 300 RNZ ; .
006001: 054 INR L ; ,
006002: 054 INR L ; ,
006003: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
006004: 150 MOV L, B ; h
006005: 054 INR L ; ,
006006: 054 INR L ; ,
006007: 276 CMP M ; .
006010: 153 MOV L, E ; k
006011: 311 RET ; .
006012: 315 351 012 CALL 012351 ; ...
006015: 332 027 014 JC 014027 ; ...
006020: 315 364 013 CALL 013364 ; ...
006023: 322 027 014 JNC 014027 ; ...
006026: 311 RET ; .
006027: 315 046 013 CALL 013046 ; .&.
006032: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
006033: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006034: 054 INR L ; ,
006035: 054 INR L ; ,
006036: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
006037: 306 001 ADI 001 ; ..
006041: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006042: 153 MOV L, E ; k
006043: 311 RET ; .
006044: 026 004 MVI D, 004 ; ..
006046: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006047: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
006050: 153 MOV L, E ; k
006051: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006052: 014 INR C ; .
006053: 034 INR E ; .
006054: 025 DCR D ; .
006055: 302 046 014 JNZ 014046 ; .&.
006060: 173 MOV A, E ; {
006061: 326 004 SUI 004 ; ..
006063: 137 MOV E, A ; _
006064: 171 MOV A, C ; y
006065: 326 004 SUI 004 ; ..
006067: 117 MOV C, A ; O
006070: 311 RET ; .
006071: 315 114 013 CALL 013114 ; .L.
006074: 223 SUB E ; .
006075: 303 104 014 JMP 014104 ; .D.
006100: 315 114 013 CALL 013114 ; .L.
006103: 203 ADD E ; .
006104: 376 100 CPI 100 ; .@
006106: 332 123 014 JC 014123 ; .S.
006111: 376 200 CPI 200 ; ..
006113: 332 133 014 JC 014133 ; .[.
006116: 376 300 CPI 300 ; ..
006120: 332 142 014 JC 014142 ; .b.
006123: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
006124: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006125: 127 MOV D, A ; W
006126: 315 303 013 CALL 013303 ; ...
006131: 153 MOV L, E ; k
006132: 311 RET ; .
006133: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
006134: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006135: 315 161 013 CALL 013161 ; .q.
006140: 153 MOV L, E ; k
006141: 311 RET ; .
006142: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
006143: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006144: 315 143 013 CALL 013143 ; .c.
006147: 153 MOV L, E ; k
006150: 311 RET ; .
006151: 315 171 014 CALL 014171 ; .y.
006154: 253 XRA E ; .
006155: 315 161 014 CALL 014161 ; .q.
006160: 311 RET ; .
006161: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
006162: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006163: 054 INR L ; ,
006164: 054 INR L ; ,
006165: 054 INR L ; ,
006166: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006167: 153 MOV L, E ; k
006170: 311 RET ; .
006171: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
006172: 150 MOV L, B ; h
006173: 054 INR L ; ,
006174: 054 INR L ; ,
006175: 054 INR L ; ,
006176: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
006177: 346 200 ANI 200 ; ..
006201: 153 MOV L, E ; k
006202: 137 MOV E, A ; _
006203: 054 INR L ; ,
006204: 054 INR L ; ,
006205: 054 INR L ; ,
006206: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
006207: 346 200 ANI 200 ; ..
006211: 055 DCR L ; -
006212: 055 DCR L ; -
006213: 055 DCR L ; -
006214: 311 RET ; .
006215: 135 MOV E, L ; ]
006216: 150 MOV L, B ; h
006217: 054 INR L ; ,
006220: 054 INR L ; ,
006221: 054 INR L ; ,
006222: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
006223: 153 MOV L, E ; k
006224: 054 INR L ; ,
006225: 054 INR L ; ,
006226: 054 INR L ; ,
006227: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006230: 153 MOV L, E ; k
006231: 311 RET ; .
006232: 175 MOV A, L ; }
006233: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006234: 066 000 MVI M, 000 ; 6.
006236: 054 INR L ; ,
006237: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006240: 054 INR L ; ,
006241: 160 MOV M, B ; p
006242: 054 INR L ; ,
006243: 115 MOV C, L ; M
006244: 157 MOV L, A ; o
006245: 174 MOV A, H ; |
006246: 315 210 016 CALL 016210 ; ...
006251: 315 046 016 CALL 016046 ; .&.
006254: 107 MOV B, A ; G
006255: 346 200 ANI 200 ; ..
006257: 302 031 015 JNZ 015031 ; ...
006262: 170 MOV A, B ; x
006263: 346 100 ANI 100 ; .@
006265: 170 MOV A, B ; x
006266: 312 302 014 JZ 014302 ; ...
006271: 037 RAR ; .
006272: 346 177 ANI 177 ; ..
006274: 366 100 ORI 100 ; .@
006276: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006277: 303 306 014 JMP 014306 ; ...
006302: 037 RAR ; .
006303: 346 177 ANI 177 ; ..
006305: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006306: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006307: 171 MOV A, C ; y
006310: 306 004 ADI 004 ; ..
006312: 117 MOV C, A ; O
006313: 174 MOV A, H ; |
006314: 315 210 016 CALL 016210 ; ...
006317: 171 MOV A, C ; y
006320: 326 004 SUI 004 ; ..
006322: 157 MOV L, A ; o
006323: 101 MOV B, C ; A
006324: 306 010 ADI 010 ; ..
006326: 117 MOV C, A ; O
006327: 315 137 012 CALL 012137 ; ._.
006332: 171 MOV A, C ; y
006333: 326 010 SUI 010 ; ..
006335: 117 MOV C, A ; O
006336: 326 002 SUI 002 ; ..
006340: 157 MOV L, A ; o
006341: 156 MOV L, M ; n
006342: 174 MOV A, H ; |
006343: 315 210 016 CALL 016210 ; ...
006346: 171 MOV A, C ; y
006347: 306 010 ADI 010 ; ..
006351: 157 MOV L, A ; o
006352: 101 MOV B, C ; A
006353: 306 004 ADI 004 ; ..
006355: 117 MOV C, A ; O
006356: 315 134 011 CALL 011134 ; .\.
006361: 175 MOV A, L ; }
006362: 326 004 SUI 004 ; ..
006364: 107 MOV B, A ; G
006365: 326 004 SUI 004 ; ..
006367: 117 MOV C, A ; O
006370: 315 000 011 CALL 011000 ; ...
006373: 315 046 016 CALL 016046 ; .&.
006376: 326 001 SUI 001 ; ..
006400: 346 177 ANI 177 ; ..
006402: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006403: 171 MOV A, C ; y
006404: 326 003 SUI 003 ; ..
006406: 157 MOV L, A ; o
006407: 106 MOV B, M ; F
006410: 004 INR B ; .
006411: 160 MOV M, B ; p
006412: 170 MOV A, B ; x
006413: 376 005 CPI 005 ; ..
006415: 302 306 014 JNZ 014306 ; ...
006420: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006421: 055 DCR L ; -
006422: 116 MOV C, M ; N
006423: 054 INR L ; ,
006424: 174 MOV A, H ; |
006425: 315 210 016 CALL 016210 ; ...
006430: 311 RET ; .
006431: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006432: 315 215 013 CALL 013215 ; ...
006435: 303 021 015 JMP 015021 ; ...
006440: 315 332 012 CALL 012332 ; ...
006443: 302 070 015 JNZ 015070 ; .8.
006446: 014 INR C ; .
006447: 014 INR C ; .
006450: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006451: 315 215 013 CALL 013215 ; ...
006454: 315 031 016 CALL 016031 ; ...
006457: 054 INR L ; ,
006460: 054 INR L ; ,
006461: 054 INR L ; ,
006462: 054 INR L ; ,
006463: 257 XRA A ; .
006464: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006465: 303 227 015 JMP 015227 ; ...
006470: 126 MOV D, M ; V
006471: 054 INR L ; ,
006472: 106 MOV B, M ; F
006473: 054 INR L ; ,
006474: 136 MOV E, M ; ^
006475: 054 INR L ; ,
006476: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
006477: 014 INR C ; .
006500: 014 INR C ; .
006501: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006502: 162 MOV M, D ; r
006503: 054 INR L ; ,
006504: 160 MOV M, B ; p
006505: 054 INR L ; ,
006506: 163 MOV M, E ; s
006507: 054 INR L ; ,
006510: 107 MOV B, A ; G
006511: 346 177 ANI 177 ; ..
006513: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006514: 376 100 CPI 100 ; .@
006516: 312 125 015 JZ 015125 ; .U.
006521: 326 001 SUI 001 ; ..
006523: 346 100 ANI 100 ; .@
006525: 007 RLC ; .
006526: 054 INR L ; ,
006527: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006530: 170 MOV A, B ; x
006531: 315 031 016 CALL 016031 ; ...
006534: 056 235 MVI L, 235 ; ..
006536: 315 172 016 CALL 016172 ; .z.
006541: 315 046 016 CALL 016046 ; .&.
006544: 107 MOV B, A ; G
006545: 346 100 ANI 100 ; .@
006547: 170 MOV A, B ; x
006550: 312 156 015 JZ 015156 ; .n.
006553: 076 200 MVI A, 200 ; >.
006555: 220 SUB B ; .
006556: 376 022 CPI 022 ; ..
006560: 372 174 015 JM 015174 ; .|.
006563: 315 054 016 CALL 016054 ; .,.
006566: 306 005 ADI 005 ; ..
006570: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006571: 303 141 015 JMP 015141 ; .a.
006574: 056 241 MVI L, 241 ; ..
006576: 315 172 016 CALL 016172 ; .z.
006601: 315 046 016 CALL 016046 ; .&.
006604: 376 001 CPI 001 ; ..
006606: 362 222 015 JP 015222 ; ...
006611: 315 054 016 CALL 016054 ; .,.
006614: 306 001 ADI 001 ; ..
006616: 167 MOV M, A ; w
006617: 303 201 015 JMP 015201 ; ...
006622: 376 007 CPI 007 ; ..
006624: 362 211 015 JP 015211 ; ...
006627: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006630: 055 DCR L ; -
006631: 055 DCR L ; -
006632: 066 005 MVI M, 005 ; 6.
006634: 137 MOV E, A ; _
006635: 315 377 015 CALL 015377 ; ...
006640: 376 012 CPI 012 ; ..
006642: 362 122 016 JP 016122 ; .R.
006645: 315 303 015 CALL 015303 ; ...
006650: 315 327 015 CALL 015327 ; ...
006653: 315 303 015 CALL 015303 ; ...
006656: 302 250 015 JNZ 015250 ; ...
006661: 076 305 MVI A, 305 ; >.
006663: 315 060 000 CALL 000060 ; .0.
006666: 315 107 016 CALL 016107 ; .G.
006671: 107 MOV B, A ; G
006672: 315 031 016 CALL 016031 ; ...
006675: 170 MOV A, B ; x
006676: 346 077 ANI 077 ; .?
006700: 315 151 016 CALL 016151 ; .i.
006703: 306 260 ADI 260 ; ..
006705: 315 050 000 CALL 000050 ; .(.
006710: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006711: 055 DCR L ; -
006712: 055 DCR L ; -
006713: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
006714: 376 005 CPI 005 ; ..
006716: 076 256 MVI A, 256 ; >.
006720: 314 060 000 CZ 000060 ; .0.
006723: 126 MOV D, M ; V
006724: 025 DCR D ; .
006725: 162 MOV M, D ; r
006726: 311 RET ; .
006727: 036 001 MVI E, 001 ; ..
006731: 315 377 015 CALL 015377 ; ...
006734: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006735: 055 DCR L ; -
006736: 171 MOV A, C ; y
006737: 306 011 ADI 011 ; ..
006741: 117 MOV C, A ; O
006742: 174 MOV A, H ; |
006743: 315 210 016 CALL 016210 ; ...
006746: 171 MOV A, C ; y
006747: 326 011 SUI 011 ; ..
006751: 117 MOV C, A ; O
006752: 036 002 MVI E, 002 ; ..
006754: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006755: 055 DCR L ; -
006756: 315 003 016 CALL 016003 ; ...
006761: 151 MOV L, C ; i
006762: 171 MOV A, C ; y
006763: 306 012 ADI 012 ; ..
006765: 107 MOV B, A ; G
006766: 315 006 013 CALL 013006 ; ...
006771: 055 DCR L ; -
006772: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
006773: 150 MOV L, B ; h
006774: 055 DCR L ; -
006775: 216 ADC M ; .
006776: 311 RET ; .
006777: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007000: 055 DCR L ; -
007001: 257 XRA A ; .
007002: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007003: 035 DCR E ; .
007004: 370 RM ; .
007005: 054 INR L ; ,
007006: 054 INR L ; ,
007007: 054 INR L ; ,
007010: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
007011: 027 RAL ; .
007012: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007013: 055 DCR L ; -
007014: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
007015: 027 RAL ; .
007016: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007017: 055 DCR L ; -
007020: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
007021: 027 RAL ; .
007022: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007023: 055 DCR L ; -
007024: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
007025: 027 RAL ; .
007026: 303 002 016 JMP 016002 ; ...
007031: 346 200 ANI 200 ; ..
007033: 076 240 MVI A, 240 ; >.
007035: 312 042 016 JZ 016042 ; .".
007040: 076 255 MVI A, 255 ; >.
007042: 315 060 000 CALL 000060 ; .0.
007045: 311 RET ; .
007046: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007047: 054 INR L ; ,
007050: 054 INR L ; ,
007051: 054 INR L ; ,
007052: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
007053: 311 RET ; .
007054: 315 107 016 CALL 016107 ; .G.
007057: 137 MOV E, A ; _
007060: 105 MOV B, L ; E
007061: 004 INR B ; .
007062: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007063: 171 MOV A, C ; y
007064: 306 011 ADI 011 ; ..
007066: 117 MOV C, A ; O
007067: 173 MOV A, E ; {
007070: 346 200 ANI 200 ; ..
007072: 312 114 016 JZ 016114 ; .L.
007075: 315 137 012 CALL 012137 ; ._.
007100: 171 MOV A, C ; y
007101: 115 MOV C, L ; M
007102: 157 MOV L, A ; o
007103: 174 MOV A, H ; |
007104: 315 210 016 CALL 016210 ; ...
007107: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007110: 054 INR L ; ,
007111: 303 047 016 JMP 016047 ; .'.
007114: 315 000 011 CALL 011000 ; ...
007117: 303 100 016 JMP 016100 ; .@.
007122: 315 151 016 CALL 016151 ; .i.
007125: 107 MOV B, A ; G
007126: 315 107 016 CALL 016107 ; .G.
007131: 137 MOV E, A ; _
007132: 346 200 ANI 200 ; ..
007134: 312 145 016 JZ 016145 ; .e.
007137: 035 DCR E ; .
007140: 163 MOV M, E ; s
007141: 170 MOV A, B ; x
007142: 303 253 015 JMP 015253 ; ...
007145: 034 INR E ; .
007146: 303 140 016 JMP 016140 ; .`.
007151: 036 377 MVI E, 377 ; ..
007153: 034 INR E ; .
007154: 326 012 SUI 012 ; ..
007156: 362 153 016 JP 016153 ; .k.
007161: 306 012 ADI 012 ; ..
007163: 107 MOV B, A ; G
007164: 173 MOV A, E ; {
007165: 315 303 015 CALL 015303 ; ...
007170: 170 MOV A, B ; x
007171: 311 RET ; .
007172: 171 MOV A, C ; y
007173: 306 005 ADI 005 ; ..
007175: 117 MOV C, A ; O
007176: 076 016 MVI A, 016 ; >.
007200: 315 210 016 CALL 016210 ; ...
007203: 171 MOV A, C ; y
007204: 326 005 SUI 005 ; ..
007206: 117 MOV C, A ; O
007207: 311 RET ; .
007210: 104 MOV B, H ; D
007211: 147 MOV H, A ; g
007212: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
007213: 054 INR L ; ,
007214: 126 MOV D, M ; V
007215: 054 INR L ; ,
007216: 136 MOV E, M ; ^
007217: 054 INR L ; ,
007220: 156 MOV L, M ; n
007221: 140 MOV H, B ; `
007222: 105 MOV B, L ; E
007223: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007224: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007225: 054 INR L ; ,
007226: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
007227: 162 MOV M, D ; r
007230: 054 INR L ; ,
007231: 163 MOV M, E ; s
007232: 054 INR L ; ,
007233: 160 MOV M, B ; p
007234: 311 RET ; .
;
;------------------ Error: Powers of ten
;
007235: 303 120 000 JMP 000120 ; .P.
007240: 021 240 000 LXI D, 000240 ; ...
007243: 000 NOP ; .
007244: 004 INR B ; .
;
;------------------
;
007245: 076 277 MVI A, 277 ; >.
007247: 315 060 000 CALL 000060 ; .0.
007252: 076 240 MVI A, 240 ; >.
007254: 315 060 000 CALL 000060 ; .0.
007257: 303 272 016 JMP 016272 ; ...
007262: 105 MOV B, L ; E
007263: 171 MOV A, C ; y
007264: 306 017 ADI 017 ; ..
007266: 157 MOV L, A ; o
007267: 160 MOV M, B ; p
007270: 014 INR C ; .
007271: 014 INR C ; .
007272: 076 272 MVI A, 272 ; >.
007274: 315 060 000 CALL 000060 ; .0.
007277: 315 305 017 CALL 017305 ; ...
007302: 054 INR L ; ,
007303: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007304: 315 142 017 CALL 017142 ; .b.
007307: 376 376 CPI 376 ; ..
007311: 312 034 017 JZ 017034 ; ...
007314: 376 025 CPI 025 ; ..
007316: 312 061 017 JZ 017061 ; .1.
007321: 376 360 CPI 360 ; ..
007323: 302 245 016 JNZ 016245 ; ...
007326: 315 253 017 CALL 017253 ; ...
007331: 315 107 016 CALL 016107 ; .G.
007334: 346 177 ANI 177 ; ..
007336: 137 MOV E, A ; _
007337: 346 100 ANI 100 ; .@
007341: 007 RLC ; .
007342: 267 ORA A ; .
007343: 107 MOV B, A ; G
007344: 173 MOV A, E ; {
007345: 312 353 016 JZ 016353 ; ...
007350: 076 200 MVI A, 200 ; >.
007352: 223 SUB E ; .
007353: 200 ADD B ; .
007354: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007355: 056 235 MVI L, 235 ; ..
007357: 315 172 016 CALL 016172 ; .z.
007362: 315 107 016 CALL 016107 ; .G.
007365: 346 077 ANI 077 ; .?
007367: 376 005 CPI 005 ; ..
007371: 372 005 017 JM 017005 ; ...
007374: 315 054 016 CALL 016054 ; .,.
007377: 326 005 SUI 005 ; ..
007401: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007402: 303 365 016 JMP 016365 ; ...
007405: 056 241 MVI L, 241 ; ..
007407: 315 172 016 CALL 016172 ; .z.
007412: 315 107 016 CALL 016107 ; .G.
007415: 346 077 ANI 077 ; .?
007417: 267 ORA A ; .
007420: 312 257 017 JZ 017257 ; ...
007423: 315 054 016 CALL 016054 ; .,.
007426: 326 001 SUI 001 ; ..
007430: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007431: 303 015 017 JMP 017015 ; ...
007434: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007435: 055 DCR L ; -
007436: 055 DCR L ; -
007437: 066 000 MVI M, 000 ; 6.
007441: 315 245 017 CALL 017245 ; ...
007444: 137 MOV E, A ; _
007445: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007446: 055 DCR L ; -
007447: 055 DCR L ; -
007450: 106 MOV B, M ; F
007451: 315 107 016 CALL 016107 ; .G.
007454: 160 MOV M, B ; p
007455: 173 MOV A, E ; {
007456: 303 314 016 JMP 016314 ; ...
007461: 315 253 017 CALL 017253 ; ...
007464: 315 257 017 CALL 017257 ; ...
007467: 315 305 017 CALL 017305 ; ...
007472: 315 142 017 CALL 017142 ; .b.
007475: 376 360 CPI 360 ; ..
007477: 302 245 016 JNZ 016245 ; ...
007502: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007503: 054 INR L ; ,
007504: 054 INR L ; ,
007505: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
007506: 346 037 ANI 037 ; ..
007510: 107 MOV B, A ; G
007511: 054 INR L ; ,
007512: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
007513: 267 ORA A ; .
007514: 170 MOV A, B ; x
007515: 372 123 017 JM 017123 ; .S.
007520: 076 000 MVI A, 000 ; >.
007522: 220 SUB B ; .
007523: 054 INR L ; ,
007524: 206 ADD M ; .
007525: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007526: 171 MOV A, C ; y
007527: 306 015 ADI 015 ; ..
007531: 157 MOV L, A ; o
007532: 156 MOV L, M ; n
007533: 174 MOV A, H ; |
007534: 315 210 016 CALL 016210 ; ...
007537: 303 331 016 JMP 016331 ; ...
007542: 315 333 000 CALL 000333 ; ...
007545: 376 240 CPI 240 ; ..
007547: 312 142 017 JZ 017142 ; .b.
007552: 376 255 CPI 255 ; ..
007554: 302 170 017 JNZ 017170 ; .x.
007557: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007560: 054 INR L ; ,
007561: 054 INR L ; ,
007562: 054 INR L ; ,
007563: 066 200 MVI M, 200 ; 6.
007565: 303 142 017 JMP 017142 ; .b.
007570: 376 253 CPI 253 ; ..
007572: 312 142 017 JZ 017142 ; .b.
007575: 326 260 SUI 260 ; ..
007577: 370 RM ; .
007600: 376 012 CPI 012 ; ..
007602: 360 RP ; .
007603: 137 MOV E, A ; _
007604: 315 277 017 CALL 017277 ; ...
007607: 163 MOV M, E ; s
007610: 315 327 015 CALL 015327 ; ...
007613: 267 ORA A ; .
007614: 300 RNZ ; .
007615: 315 277 017 CALL 017277 ; ...
007620: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007621: 054 INR L ; ,
007622: 054 INR L ; ,
007623: 206 ADD M ; .
007624: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007625: 055 DCR L ; -
007626: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
007627: 316 000 ACI 000 ; ..
007631: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007632: 055 DCR L ; -
007633: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
007634: 316 000 ACI 000 ; ..
007636: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007637: 330 RC ; .
007640: 055 DCR L ; -
007641: 055 DCR L ; -
007642: 106 MOV B, M ; F
007643: 004 INR B ; .
007644: 160 MOV M, B ; p
007645: 315 333 000 CALL 000333 ; ...
007650: 303 175 017 JMP 017175 ; .}.
007653: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007654: 303 325 012 JMP 012325 ; ...
007657: 171 MOV A, C ; y
007660: 306 015 ADI 015 ; ..
007662: 157 MOV L, A ; o
007663: 136 MOV E, M ; ^
007664: 153 MOV L, E ; k
007665: 054 INR L ; ,
007666: 161 MOV M, C ; q
007667: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007670: 113 MOV C, E ; K
007671: 174 MOV A, H ; |
007672: 315 210 016 CALL 016210 ; ...
007675: 117 MOV C, A ; O
007676: 311 RET ; .
007677: 171 MOV A, C ; y
007700: 306 016 ADI 016 ; ..
007702: 157 MOV L, A ; o
007703: 176 MOV A, M ; ~
007704: 311 RET ; .
007705: 151 MOV L, C ; i
007706: 257 XRA A ; .
007707: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007710: 054 INR L ; ,
007711: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007712: 054 INR L ; ,
007713: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007714: 054 INR L ; ,
007715: 167 MOV M, A ; w
007716: 311 RET ; .
Ok
system
A>That's all, folks!
EOF
Charles Richmond
>
> Ok. Now that we have poked in RAM the values of the Lawrence
> Livermore Laboratory Floating-Point Package, how do we check
> that it corresponds, EXACTLY, to what the old photocopy of the
> source code contains?
>
Hey Luser, what part of my previous post did you
*not* understand??? I found a .ARK file online
that *contains* the LLL Floating Point source code.
Here is the information again:
VOLUME 2 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE BASIC AND DISK TINY BASIC
2.1 84K LLLBASIC.ASM LLLBASIC INTERPRETER SOURCE
2.2 38K LLLBASIC.COM SIMPLE PATCHED COM FOR CP/M
2.3 2K LLLBASIC.DOC NOTES ON LLLBASIC
2.4 61K LLLFP.ASM FLOATING-POINT PACKAGE FOR LLLBASIC
2.5 2K LLLMON.ASM KLUGE MONITOR TO TEST LLL IN LLLBASIC.COM
2.6 2K STARTREK.DOC COMMENTS ON STARTREK.TBI
2.7 6K STARTREK.TBI TINY BASIC LOADABLE STARTREK
2.8 3K TINYBAS.COM SHERRY version WANG PALO ALTO TINY
BASIC,
2.9 13K TINYBAS.DOC FULL INSTRUCTIONS FOR TINYBAS
This can be downloaded as an .ARK file from:
http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/cdrom/SIMTEL/CPMUG/CPMUG002.ARK
The LLLFP.ASM is the source file I think that you are inputting
by hand/finger.
French Luser
LLLMAC.TXT
----------
"MAC and M80 macros compared"
The source code of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Floating-Point Package contains, page 12, a macro.
I have no idea which assembler was used at LLL in 1975. All I
know is that it was an absolute octal macro assembler.
Today, 30 years later, under CP/M, the standard 8080 absolute
macro assembler is MAC, and the standard Z-80 relocatable macro
assembler is M80 (which, by default, also assembles 8080 code).
So, just to be sure, and because there has been very, very
little published on this subject in the comp.os.cpm Newsgroup, I
decided to check what both produced. Fortunately, the code
involved is confined to 2 subroutines just below the macro
invocations.
If you want to learn more about macros, the best text that I
know is the "MAC User's Guide" (later published under the title
"Programmer's Utilities Guide", when RMAC was introduced to be
the default assembler of PL/I-80).
If you want to practice a little, disassemble UNLOAD V2.0, then
re-read the "MAC User's Guide". Can you see any similarity with
the SEQIO library? Then, you are beginning to see the light.
Notice how much shorter, and more high-level, the program is,
with macros. (Too bad CP/M-86 has no macro assembler.)
Let us just reminds what the BASIC "List Intel 8080 opcodes in
octal" (LISTIOCT.BAS) program generated:
147543: 026 100 MVI D, 100 ; .@
147545: 315 237 013 CALL 013237 ; ...
147550: 076 000 MVI A, 000 ; >.
147552: 315 230 013 CALL 013230 ; ...
147555: 076 377 MVI A, 377 ; >.
147557: 267 ORA A ; .
147560: 311 RET ; .
147561: 026 077 MVI D, 077 ; .?
147563: 315 237 013 CALL 013237 ; ...
147566: 076 377 MVI A, 377 ; >.
147570: 315 230 013 CALL 013230 ; ...
147573: 076 177 MVI A, 177 ; >.
147575: 267 ORA A ; .
147576: 311 RET ; .
147577: 026 077 MVI D, 077 ; .?
147601: 315 237 013 CALL 013237 ; ...
147604: 076 377 MVI A, 377 ; >.
147606: 315 230 013 CALL 013230 ; ...
147611: 076 077 MVI A, 077 ; >?
147613: 267 ORA A ; .
147614: 311 RET ; .
Since M80 has a switch to produce an octal listing, we start
with it. The only difference between the two files (M80 wants a
MAC filetype, while MAC uses an ASM filetype) is that the MAC
file contains an additional ASEG pseudo-op, because I don't like
listing with lots of single quotes.
wflt MACRO vmant,vchar,vflag,label
MVI D,vchar
CALL wchar
label: MVI A,vmant
CALL wmant
MVI A,vflag
ORA A
RET
ENDM
;
;--------------------------------
000000' ASEG
ORG 5543Q
;--------------------------------
;
005543 026 100 wund: MVI D,40H
005545 315 005711 CALL wchar
005550 076 000 MVI A,00H
005552 315 005702 CALL wmant
005555 076 377 MVI A,0FFH
005557 267 ORA A
005560 311 RET
;
005561 wund2: wflt 00H,40H,0FFH,uflwi
005561 026 100 + MVI D,40H
005563 315 005711 + CALL wchar
005566 076 000 + uflwi: MVI A,00H
005570 315 005702 + CALL wmant
005573 076 377 + MVI A,0FFH
005575 267 + ORA A
005576 311 + RET
;
;--------------------------------
;
005577 026 077 wovr: MVI D,3FH
005601 315 005711 CALL wchar
005604 076 377 MVI A,0FFH
005606 315 005702 CALL wmant
005611 076 177 MVI A,7FH
005613 267 ORA A
005614 311 RET
;
005615 wovr2: wflt 0FFH,3FH,7FH,oflwi
005615 026 077 + MVI D,3FH
005617 315 005711 + CALL wchar
005622 076 377 + oflwi: MVI A,0FFH
005624 315 005702 + CALL wmant
005627 076 177 + MVI A,7FH
005631 267 + ORA A
005632 311 + RET
;
;--------------------------------
;
005633 026 077 wind: MVI D,3FH
005635 315 005711 CALL wchar
005640 076 377 MVI A,0FFH
005642 315 005702 CALL wmant
005645 076 077 MVI A,3FH
005647 267 ORA A
005650 311 RET
;
005651 wind2: wflt 0FFH,3FH,3FH,indfi
005651 026 077 + MVI D,3FH
005653 315 005711 + CALL wchar
005656 076 377 + indfi: MVI A,0FFH
005660 315 005702 + CALL wmant
005663 076 077 + MVI A,3FH
005665 267 + ORA A
005666 311 + RET
;
;--------------------------------
;
005667 054 wzer: INR L
005670 054 INR L
005671 054 INR L
005672 066 100 MVI M,40H
005674 257 XRA A
005675 315 005702 CALL wmant
005700 267 ORA A
005701 311 RET
;
;--------------------------------
;
005702 055 wmant: DCR L
005703 167 MOV M,A
005704 055 DCR L
005705 167 MOV M,A
005706 055 DCR L
005707 167 MOV M,A
005710 311 RET
;
;--------------------------------
;
005711 054 wchar: INR L
005712 054 INR L
005713 054 INR L
005714 176 MOV A,M
005715 346 200 ANI 80H
005717 262 ORA D
005720 167 MOV M,A
005721 311 RET
;
;--------------------------------
;
END
As you can see, the code produced by the macros follows quite
closely the one found in the old photocopy. As already
explained, M80 does funny things with 16-bit quantities, that he
displays differently than other assemblers. As a result, you
can no longer check with the original assembler used at LLL.
For more info, read about "octal" and "split octal". But the
macros are generating the same code as the one gotten from the
disassembly.
Now, let us turn to MAC. MAC has no provision for producing
listing in octal, so we are going to see what are going to be
the hex values in the future recreated full source code.
WFLT MACRO VMANT,VCHAR,VFLAG,LABEL
MVI D,VCHAR
CALL WCHAR
LABEL: MVI A,VMANT
CALL WMANT
MVI A,VFLAG
ORA A
RET
ENDM
;
;--------------------------------
0B63 ORG 5543Q
;--------------------------------
;
0B63 1640 WUND: MVI D,40H
0B65 CDC90B CALL WCHAR
0B68 3E00 MVI A,00H
0B6A CDC20B CALL WMANT
0B6D 3EFF MVI A,0FFH
0B6F B7 ORA A
0B70 C9 RET
;
WUND2: WFLT 00H,40H,0FFH,UFLWI
0B71+1640 MVI D,40H
0B73+CDC90B CALL WCHAR
0B76+3E00 UFLWI: MVI A,00H
0B78+CDC20B CALL WMANT
0B7B+3EFF MVI A,0FFH
0B7D+B7 ORA A
0B7E+C9 RET
;
;--------------------------------
;
0B7F 163F WOVR: MVI D,3FH
0B81 CDC90B CALL WCHAR
0B84 3EFF MVI A,0FFH
0B86 CDC20B CALL WMANT
0B89 3E7F MVI A,7FH
0B8B B7 ORA A
0B8C C9 RET
;
WOVR2: WFLT 0FFH,3FH,7FH,OFLWI
0B8D+163F MVI D,3FH
0B8F+CDC90B CALL WCHAR
0B92+3EFF OFLWI: MVI A,0FFH
0B94+CDC20B CALL WMANT
0B97+3E7F MVI A,7FH
0B99+B7 ORA A
0B9A+C9 RET
;
;--------------------------------
;
0B9B 163F WIND: MVI D,3FH
0B9D CDC90B CALL WCHAR
0BA0 3EFF MVI A,0FFH
0BA2 CDC20B CALL WMANT
0BA5 3E3F MVI A,3FH
0BA7 B7 ORA A
0BA8 C9 RET
;
WIND2: WFLT 0FFH,3FH,3FH,INDFI
0BA9+163F MVI D,3FH
0BAB+CDC90B CALL WCHAR
0BAE+3EFF INDFI: MVI A,0FFH
0BB0+CDC20B CALL WMANT
0BB3+3E3F MVI A,3FH
0BB5+B7 ORA A
0BB6+C9 RET
;
;--------------------------------
;
0BB7 2C WZER: INR L
0BB8 2C INR L
0BB9 2C INR L
0BBA 3640 MVI M,40H
0BBC AF XRA A
0BBD CDC20B CALL WMANT
0BC0 B7 ORA A
0BC1 C9 RET
;
;--------------------------------
;
0BC2 2D WMANT: DCR L
0BC3 77 MOV M,A
0BC4 2D DCR L
0BC5 77 MOV M,A
0BC6 2D DCR L
0BC7 77 MOV M,A
0BC8 C9 RET
;
;--------------------------------
;
0BC9 2C WCHAR: INR L
0BCA 2C INR L
0BCB 2C INR L
0BCC 7E MOV A,M
0BCD E680 ANI 80H
0BCF B2 ORA D
0BD0 77 MOV M,A
0BD1 C9 RET
;
;--------------------------------
;
0BD2 END
Again, the code produced by the macro is preceded by a "+" and,
again, it is the same as the one produced 30 years ago at LLL.
That's the beauty of working with well-defined things like
assembler. We are now sure that those macros work the same under
MAC and M80, and produce the same stuff as 30 years ago.
Now, we have seen the output of M80 in octal, and the output of
MAC in hex. But are they the same? The only way to know is to
compare both outputs. To be in the same radix, we re-assemble
with M80 without the octal switch, then run TYPEATWO (which was
published in the comp.os.cpm Newsgroup), but modified just to
show the code generated.
run"typeatwo
Type 2 ASCII files side-by-side.
Enter 1st filename.typ: ? lllmac.prn
2nd filename.typ: ? lllm80.prn
0B63 1640 0B63 16 40
0B65 CDC90B 0B65 CD 0BC9
0B68 3E00 0B68 3E 00
0B6A CDC20B 0B6A CD 0BC2
0B6D 3EFF 0B6D 3E FF
0B6F B7 0B6F B7
0B70 C9 0B70 C9
0B71+1640 0B71 16 40
0B73+CDC90B 0B73 CD 0BC9
0B76+3E00 0B76 3E 00
0B78+CDC20B 0B78 CD 0BC2
0B7B+3EFF 0B7B 3E FF
0B7D+B7 0B7D B7
0B7E+C9 0B7E C9
0B7F 163F 0B7F 16 3F
0B81 CDC90B 0B81 CD 0BC9
0B84 3EFF 0B84 3E FF
0B86 CDC20B 0B86 CD 0BC2
0B89 3E7F 0B89 3E 7F
0B8B B7 0B8B B7
0B8C C9 0B8C C9
0B8D+163F 0B8D 16 3F
0B8F+CDC90B 0B8F CD 0BC9
0B92+3EFF 0B92 3E FF
0B94+CDC20B 0B94 CD 0BC2
0B97+3E7F 0B97 3E 7F
0B99+B7 0B99 B7
0B9A+C9 0B9A C9
0B9B 163F 0B9B 16 3F
0B9D CDC90B 0B9D CD 0BC9
0BA0 3EFF 0BA0 3E FF
0BA2 CDC20B 0BA2 CD 0BC2
0BA5 3E3F 0BA5 3E 3F
0BA7 B7 0BA7 B7
0BA8 C9 0BA8 C9
0BA9+163F 0BA9 16 3F
0BAB+CDC90B 0BAB CD 0BC9
0BAE+3EFF 0BAE 3E FF
0BB0+CDC20B 0BB0 CD 0BC2
0BB3+3E3F 0BB3 3E 3F
0BB5+B7 0BB5 B7
0BB6+C9 0BB6 C9
Now that all doubts regarding the macros have been cleared, all
that remains to do is work on the full source code.
French Luser
> I found a .ARK file online that *contains* the LLL Floating Point source
> code.
Well, on my trip to the cybercafe, I happen to have the beginning of a file
that I wanted to write tonight, after re-reading what you have posted, just
to be sure. But, since you are restless, I will publish it as is.
Please read the following.
Yours Sincerely,
"French Luser"
LLLDIF.TXT
----------
Ok, so several people, having a long memory, mentioned that the
LLLBASIC interpreter, originating, like the Floating-Point
Package under discussion in this thread, from the Lawrence
Livermore Laboratory, had a file named "LLLFP.ASM"...
At first sight, the ORG is different. Changing it, we still get
an unusually big file. Investigating, we find a "jump block"
located at the very end of the file, preceded by another ORG.
Commenting out all those novelties, we finally get:
A>mac lllfp
CP/M MACRO ASSEM 2.0
0F94
008H USE FACTOR
END OF ASSEMBLY
Ok, but what are the "characteristics" of the photocopied source
code?
A>mac toto
CP/M MACRO ASSEM 2.0
0FCF
008H USE FACTOR
END OF ASSEMBLY
Argh! It is longer...
So, the LLFP.ASM contained with LLLBASIC is 59 bytes shorter
than the photocopy of the source code.
Now, all that remains to do is to find what is the difference.
EOF
s_dub...@yahoo.com
French Luser wrote:
> with macros. (Too bad CP/M-86 has no macro assembler.)
.IF. you don't mind cross development..
NASM, the Netwide Assembler, has strong macro capabilities. You can
use it to program for CP/M-86. See the example: PRGMHEAD.NSM which
uses BINCMD.MAC [Binary output to .CMD form] Macros to generate the
PRGMHEAD.CMD example for CP/M-86.
lookin:
ftp://project001.serveftp.net/cpm86/NASM4CPM86/
PRGMHEAD.CMD is an example stub program which just conout's the message
:
--Normal Program Exit--
and it shows the BINCMD Macros invocation. The command line to nasm to
assemble prgmhead.nsm is in the source, and for reference, is:
NASM -f bin -o prgmhead.cmd -l prgmhead.lst prgmhead.nsm
NASM.EXE works fine under msDos, DRDos. As well as under Win95, Win
98, and XP, most easily by setting up a shortcut to nasm.exe with the
cmdline parameter: [current path]\NASM.EXE ? This is setup in the
'Shortcut to NASM.EXE Properties' box.
The '?' cmdline parameter to the shortcut forces a dosbox query for the
parameter list for nasm. You would enter: '-f bin -o prgmhead.cmd -l
prgmhead.lst prgmhead.nsm' there.
There other ways to set this up, as NASM will take a makefile as
cmdline parameter.
As is typical in cross development, you need to transfer to CP/M-86
media using DISK22, for example.
Steve
French Luser
To be able to address the whole 64KB memory of the 8080, change the "4" to "6"
in line 90:
> 90 PRINT OCT$ (oa, 4) ": " OCT$ (PEEK (sa), 3) " " ;
Yours Sincerely,
"French Luser"
French Luser
> (...) The command line to nasm to
> assemble prgmhead.nsm is in the source, and for reference, is:
>
> NASM -f bin -o prgmhead.cmd -l prgmhead.lst prgmhead.nsm
Gasp!
We are a very, very long way from:
A>mac filename
This must be progress?
Yours Sincerely,
"French Luser"
French Luser
one "Kai Ruottu":
" What could be hoped is that the people who work hard with GCC and
need soft-float, could implement the basic float operations in the
best possible algorithms for each CPU, in optimized assembly. In the
'assembly-age' in 70's and early 80's almost every "How to write
embedded apps"-book included these routines for the processors of
that age: '8080/85', 'z80', '8088/86',... But no implementations
for H8/300, AVR, MSP430, MN10200 etc. CPUs of this age can be seen.
(...)
The 8- and 16-bit processors really are not aimed for 'number
crunching', but sometimes someone however wants to do this in
some device. My estimate to the work to write soft-float routines
in assembly for H8/300 for instance, could be one week, for a
person who knows that CPU and has programmed in assembly for it
a year or more... A total novice can spend half an year learning
the processor, assembly, soft-float algorithms and such while
writing the routines and reporting what was done. I remember one
student in early 80's doing soft-float routines for z80 as his
diploma-work (for a MSc-level examination) and the estimate for
these is half-an-year... The person really didn't know much about
these things when starting. Another earlier example was the Lawrence
Livermore Laboratory's Public Domain BASIC-interpreter (LLLBASIC) for
8080. It's soft-float implementation is one of the weirdest I have
seen. Ok, it was done in Moscow (Idaho), and when all the 8-bit GCC
implementations (AVR, MSP430,...) seem to have something to do with
the 'other' Moscow or StPetersburg, maybe this problem can get some
help from there ;-)
Can we blame the university professors about this condition now?
Why writing soft-float routines into the AVR, MSP430, H8/300 etc.
wouldn't be good 'practice' nowadays for the students graduating
in computer architectures, embedded systems and such?
In the H8/300 case it probably could help if every company which
thinks that it is a good idea to better the soft-float routines in
this architecture with GCC, would use $100 and give it to the Kpit
(www.kpit.com) in India... If even 100 companies could do this, the
$10.000 could enable them to put a guy or gal to think this thing
for a couple of months...
Cheers, Kai"
Well, it just confirm my feeling, that the Newbies no longer understand the
incredible number of pitfalls in any FP package. IEEE-754 is the only FP
standard that has ever been adopted. So, anybody with a clear understanding of
this matter (FP) would choose to implement it on his system, rather than
"re-invent the wheel". One could then write an extensive library of checks,
showing all the pitfalls that any computation using FP can generate (and that
99.99% of people don't realize: for them, it is "natural" that a computer can
compute correct result, while the fundamental problem is that computers use a
binary system while humans use a decimal system, and FP only makes the matter
much, much worse).
(Personally, now that I have recreated the source code of 4 or 5 FP packages,
I wish that I had enough time and/or money to do one. I like technical stuff.
In English, they say: "Art for art's sake".)
Yours Sincerely,
"French Luser"
French Luser
Numerical Computation Guide as an addendum to Appendix D, David Goldberg's
"What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic".)
Many programmers like to believe that they can understand the semantics of a
program and prove that it will work correctly without reference to the
compiler that compiles it or the computer that runs it. In many ways,
supporting this belief is a worthwhile goal for the designers of computer
systems and programming languages. Unfortunately, when it comes to
floating-point arithmetic, the goal is virtually impossible to achieve. The
authors of the IEEE standards knew that, and they didn't attempt to achieve
it. As a result, despite nearly universal conformance to (most of) the IEEE
754 standard throughout the computer industry, programmers of portable
software will have to continue to cope with unpredictable floating-point
arithmetic for the foreseeable future.
Yours Sincerely,
"French Luser"
French Luser
had found a copy of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Floating-Point Package (that I was just trying to recreate
logically, step by step, from a bad photocopy).
Well, Charles, your message got me thinking.
Could you be right?
Consider:
1) the length of your file and mine disagree
2) the last page of the photocopy happens to be the "symbol
table" of the LLLFPP.
One very simple way to know for sure if you are right would be
to assemble your file, then compare it with the "symbol table"
(that you would have printed: it is only one page long).
In case you wonder, me, I get:
Symbols:
005064 ABCH 005757 ACPR 007145 ADD1
004737 ADD2 004726 ADDZ 006306 AGN4
006421 ALDN 005741 AORS 007353 APLS
005075 BBCH 005342 BCHK 006215 BCTL
005042 BMIN 006104 CCHK 005533 CCMP
005514 CFCHE 005026 COM1 005050 COM2
007172 COPT 007210 COPY 004515 CRIN
006151 CSIGN 006161 CSTR 007151 CTWO
006440 CVRT 005406 DADD 005435 DCLR
005764 DCMP 007434 DECPT 005724 DECR
005316 DFXL 006703 DIGO 007114 DIVIT
005351 DLST 005370 DRST 006232 DSQRT
005446 DSUB 004422 DTST2 006020 ENT1
006012 ENT2 007645 EP1 006302 EPOS
004634 EQ02 007245 ERR 006431 ERSQ
007140 FINIT 007100 FINUP 005325 FLOAT
007653 FLTSGN 005263 FXL2 005501 GCHAR
007046 GCHR 007047 GETA 007107 GETEX
007677 GETN 007542 GNUM 004473 GOON
006556 GOTV 005666 INCR 005706 INCR2
005703 INCR3 005604 INDF1 005650 INDFC
007461 INEXP 000333 INP 006653 INPOP
007262 INPUT 007415 INT1 007365 INT5
005177 INTR 005106 L000 005110 L001
005037 L002 005113 L003 005116 L128
005121 L129 005124 L131 004534 LADD
004542 LADS 005002 LASD 006071 LDCP
004400 LDIV 004577 LLTB 005127 LMCM
006100 LMCP 005137 LMUL 007153 LOOP
006777 LSFT 004540 LSUB 006044 LXFR
005244 MADD 004757 MANT 000077 MAXCH
006611 MDGN 006627 MDSKP 000300 MINCH
007054 MORD 006171 MSFH 006727 MULTT
004604 NCHK 006470 NNZRO 005255 NORM
004652 NOT0 006525 NZRO 005566 OFLW1
006133 OFLWC 006622 OK1 000060 OUTR
006027 OVER 007042 PLSV 006650 POPD
007272 PRMT 004447 REP3 006046 REP5
005271 REP6 007657 SAVEN 007331 SCALE
005722 SCCFG 005313 SCHAR 004614 SH10
007031 SIGN 006123 STORC 004671 SUBZ
007241 TEN 007235 TEN5 007002 TLOOP
007003 TLP2 006574 TRY1 007570 TRYP
007405 TRYTN 006601 TST1 006541 TSTB
007314 TSTEX 007575 TSTN 005747 TSTR
007122 TWOD 005550 UFLW1 006142 UFLWC
007523 USEIT 005637 WCHAR 005577 WIND
005630 WMANT 005561 WOVR 005543 WUND
005615 WZER 005657 WZERC 005332 ZCHK
005332 ZMCHK 007705 ZROIT
(The "symbol table" has the following particularities:
1) it contains the values of the registers...
2) there are 4 labels that are not, in practice, used
3) the value of the WFLT macro is included in the "symbol
table", while M80 puts it aside, in a macro section.)
Hope it helps... Good luck!
(Apparently, "There is no royal way to the source code.")
French Luser
----------
Erratas
Now that I have an ASM file that assembles correctly, and
generates the same "symbol table" as the one contained in the
old photocopy, I "closed the loop" by comparing the COM file
produced with the COM file containing the BIN file of LLLPPP.
It turns out that, while poking the octal values, I saved a
portion with 00H bytes, instead of 1D-0B (hex) pairs. So,
everytime you see 000 000 below, poke instead 1D and 0B.
Later, I made 3 typos.
1) At 005331, I saw a 312 when it was a 012 (in hex: replace CA
by 0A at 01D9).
2) At 5510, I saw a 150 when it was a 100 (in hex: replace 68 by
40 at 0248).
3) At 6706, I saw a 050 when it was a 060 (in hex: replace 28 by
30 at 04C6).
(If in doubt, compare with the LLLFP.ASM file contained with the
source code of LLLBASIC in the Volume 2 of the CP/M User Group.
This version does not contain the square root routine.)
You should now have a recreated source code the Lawrence
Livermore Laboratory Floating-Point Package: Enjoy!
French Luser
----------
Ok. We have now (as far as we know) recreated as exactly as
possible a file containing the source code of the Lawrence
Livermore Laboratory Floating-Point Package.
What was the difficulties?
1) The source code was available on an old photocopy (that Grant
Stockly found as a PDF file in the LLL Web site).
2) It was (as usual) a very bad scan.
3) The original source code was using radix octal.
4) Since it was not a CP/M file, it was loading at 0900H in
memory.
The only advantage was that the file was containing the actual
generated octal values, along with the source code (in CP/M
jargon: it was a PRN file, not an ASM file).
To be able to take advantage of the octal values and save on
typing, I needed to modify one of my "poke byte values in
memory" BASIC program, then modify it further to poke values at
different memory locations than those displayed, so has not to
damage the BASIC interpreter while it was running in the TPA of
CP/M. Fortunately, this was easy to achieve. Producing this
POCTAL.BAS program was the first step.
The second step was then to actually enter those octal values in
memory, then save them. Due to the length of the listing (32
pages), this was done in several sessions at the computer. At
the beginning, while developing POCTAL, I tried to save the
contents of the memory with my SAVEHEX.BAS program, but there
was a problem, so I went back to SID, the CP/M debugger.
The steps involved were then: loading SID, loading BASIC,
running BASIC, running POCTAL, leaving BASIC and going back to
SID (the "magic formula" was published in the comp.os.cpm
Newsgroup several years ago), then saving the area of memory
containing the poked octal values. It is during one of those
iterations that I saved by inadvertance one area of memory
containing 00H bytes, instead of 1D-0B pairs. (Fortunately, it
was localized in one area.)
The third step was, of course, disassembling the resultant file.
This was easily done with my favorite disassembler.
Another step appeared because the original source code contained
2 areas which were not purely code: one area containing the
values of powers of ten, and a macro which was used 3 times.
Just to be sure that the standard CP/M 8080 and Z-80 macro
assemblers would produce exactly the same code as the unknown
assembler used at LLL circa 1973-1975, I assembled and compared
the outputs, then could conclude positively.
The fifth step was then, of course, retyping all the comments
found in the original source code. As usual, due to its length
(32 pages), this was done in several sessions at the computer.
One day, I finally came to the END.
The Sixth step was then, of course, to "close the loop" by
comparing the result of my recreated source code with the binary
of the octal values that I had poked. It is then that several
instances (6 or 7) of 00H bytes where found, followed by 3 typos
due to the bad scan.
The Seventh step was writing this memo, which could serve as a
guide to anybody else wanting to recreate the file of the source
code of an interesting old program. In this particular case, the
program was written using octal, but the principles remain the
same whatever the radix used.
Since the first microcomputers were programmed by people
familiar with DEC mini-computers, many of the oldest 8008 and
8080 programs were written in octal. One well known example is
"Tiny BASIC Texas" (TBX -- 2KB long), which was published as an
octal dump by the ACM... ("Design Notes for Tiny BASIC", Denis
Allison, "SIGPLAN Notices", Vol.11, No.7, pp.25-33) This could
be an interesting programming project for any person interested
in a 2KB (Tiny) BASIC. (Hint: Have also a look to the very
first issues of DDJ...)
(Charles "Restless" Richmond triumphally announced, while I was
busy recreating the source code of LLLPPP, that he had found the
source code of LLLPPP. Unfortunately, a comparaison of both
files show that the one he found (in the Volume 2 of the
Software Library of the CP/M User's Group, containing the source
code of LLLBASIC) is, in fact, 59 bytes shorter -- the square
root routine is missing. If you prefer octal, use it.)
Herb Johnson
> (Charles "Restless" Richmond triumphally announced, while I was
> busy recreating the source code of LLLPPP, that he had found the
> source code of LLLPPP. Unfortunately, a comparaison of both
> files show that the one he found (in the Volume 2 of the
> Software Library of the CP/M User's Group, containing the source
> code of LLLBASIC) is, in fact, 59 bytes shorter -- the square
> root routine is missing. If you prefer octal, use it.)
So far, Roche has not posted his regenerated source listing, or the
square root routine.
All this got my attention. At this point, there are two accessable
versions of
the Lawrence Livermore Labs floating point package:
http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/cdrom/SIMTEL/CPMUG/CPMUG002.ARK
I'll call this the "CPMUG file".
PDF of LLNL document listing and describing that file at:
http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/171286.pdf
as UCRL-51940, Floating Point Package for 8008 and 8080...
Michael D Maples Oct 24 1975.
I'll call this "LLNL listing".
I took some time today to compare the two in a rough fashion. I found
that the LLNL listing included the square root routine; the CPMUG file
did not. But there are OTHER differences between the two, but I don't
have time to make exhaustive checks. So here's what I'll do. I've
created two files on my Web site:
http://retrotechnology.com/herbs_stuff/lllfp_update.txt
That's the differences I found so far. It includes the lost SQRT
routine.
http://retrotechnology.com/herbs_stuff/LLLFP.ASM
That's the ASM file extracted from the CPMUG #2 archive as referenced
above.
Anyone wants to determine other differences besides the ones I noted,
can email them to me. (DON'T use the "gmail" address, look at the end
of this msg for my email address.) I'll update the "update" document
accordingly. Emmanuel Roche AKA French Luser can look at the update and
check his work as well.
Someone else MIGHT want to scour the Web and other CPMUG archives, to
see if an "update" was issued to this #2 disk to at the least include
the square root routine. It may have already been fixed. Someone may
want to read the code more throughly too, some of these fixes may be
arbitrary.
Herb Johnson
Herbert R. Johnson, New Jersey USA
<a href="http://retrotechnology.com/herbs_stuff/"> web site</a>
<a href="http://retrotechnology.net/herbs_stuff/"> domain mirror</a>
my email address: hjohnson AAT retrotechnology DOTT com
if no reply, try in a few days: herbjohnson ATT comcast DOTT net
"Herb's Stuff": old Mac, SGI, 8-inch floppy drives
S-100 IMSAI Altair computers, docs, by "Dr. S-100"
CBFalconer
> French Luser wrote:
>>
>> Ok. Now that we have poked in RAM the values of the Lawrence
>> Livermore Laboratory Floating-Point Package, how do we check
>> that it corresponds, EXACTLY, to what the old photocopy of the
>> source code contains?
>
> Hey Luser, what part of my previous post did you
> *not* understand??? I found a .ARK file online
> that *contains* the LLL Floating Point source code.
>
> Here is the information again:
>
> VOLUME 2 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE BASIC AND DISK TINY BASIC
>
> 2.1 84K LLLBASIC.ASM LLLBASIC INTERPRETER SOURCE
> 2.2 38K LLLBASIC.COM SIMPLE PATCHED COM FOR CP/M
> 2.3 2K LLLBASIC.DOC NOTES ON LLLBASIC
> 2.4 61K LLLFP.ASM FLOATING-POINT PACKAGE FOR LLLBASIC
> 2.5 2K LLLMON.ASM KLUGE MONITOR TO TEST LLL IN LLLBASIC.COM
> 2.6 2K STARTREK.DOC COMMENTS ON STARTREK.TBI
> 2.7 6K STARTREK.TBI TINY BASIC LOADABLE STARTREK
> 2.8 3K TINYBAS.COM SHERRY version WANG PALO ALTO TINY BASIC,
> 2.9 13K TINYBAS.DOC FULL INSTRUCTIONS FOR TINYBAS
>
> This can be downloaded as an .ARK file from:
>
> http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/cdrom/SIMTEL/CPMUG/CPMUG002.ARK
>
> The LLLFP.ASM is the source file I think that you are inputting
> by hand/finger.
I vaguely remember a very early Basic system for the 8080 that I
tried. This was before Gates et cie released their first basic on
paper tape. What I found was that that system elided all blanks in
the source, so that the store programs were totally unreadable. Is
that the same system. Probably around 1975 or so. It predated
CP/M.
--
Some informative links:
<news:news.announce.newusers
<http://www.geocities.com/nnqweb/>
<http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html>
<http://www.caliburn.nl/topposting.html>
<http://www.netmeister.org/news/learn2quote.html>
<http://cfaj.freeshell.org/google/>
Bill
<rich...@comcast.net> wrote:
>Hey Luser, what part of my previous post did you
>*not* understand??? I found a .ARK file online
>that *contains* the LLL Floating Point source code.
>
>Here is the information again:
>
>
>VOLUME 2 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE BASIC AND DISK TINY BASIC
>
>2.1 84K LLLBASIC.ASM LLLBASIC INTERPRETER SOURCE
When I got MY copy of the CPMUG002 disk, sometime around maybe 1980,
it contained a Catalog.2 that reads like THIS:
= VOLUME 2
=
= LAWRENCE LIVERMORE BASIC AND DISK TINY BASIC
=
= NOTE THAT IMPROVED IMPLEMENTATIONS OF LLLBASIC AND DISK
= TINY BASIC NOW ARE PRESENT ON VOLUMES 10 AND 11 RESPECTIVELY
=
= NUMBER SIZE NAME COMMENTS
=
= CATALOG.2 CONTENTS OF CP/M VOLUME 2
= 2.1 84K LLLBASIC.ASM LLLBASIC INTERPRETER SOURCE
I don't know where you got yours, or when, but I assure you mine (and
the above quoted portion) is directly traceable to CPMUG, about 25
years ago or so. Copy from librarian George Coyne, the CP/M Users
Group of Minnesota club copy.
Maybe Richmond simply overlooked it, or left it out?
Those interested in this thread may find it instructive to check for
differences.
Because I have ORIGINAL copies, nothing later redacted has been
removed. I will give copies to anyone of any redacted material solely
for educational use. You may not USE any such copies to actually
operate your computer. I am interested in preserving an accurate
history.
Bill
Bill
<Gary.K...@Digital.Research.com> wrote:
>
>LLLFP.WS4
>---------
>
>Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Floating-Point (LLLFP) package
>
>Original title:
>
>- "Floating-Point Package for Intel 8008 and 8080 Microprocessors"
> Michael D. Maples
> Lawrence Livermore Laboratory,
> University of California/Livermore, California 94550,
> October 24, 1975
>
>(Retyped by Emmanuel ROCHE.)
Sorry, Emmanuel, maybe I've been dozing off ....
VOLUME 10
LAWRENCE LIVERMORE BASIC INTERFACED TO CP/M
WITH DISK LOAD OF PROGRAMS
THESE PROGRAMS REPLACE THE VERSIONS ISSUED ON
CP/M USERS' GROUP VOLUME 2
NUMBER SIZE NAME COMMENTS
1K CATALOG.10 CONTENTS OF CP/M GROUP VOL 10
4K LLLBASIC.DOC COMMENTS ON PROGRAMS IN VOLUME 10
10.1 85K LLLBASIC.ASM SEE LLLBASIC.DOC
10.2 7K LLLBASIC.COM TOTAL ASSEMBLED PACKAGE
10.3 61K LLLFP.ASM SEE LLLBASIC.DOC
10.4 5K LLLMON.ASM SEE LLLBASIC.DOC
10.5 1K TEST.FIL TEST PROGRAM. TO RUN TYPE
"LLLBASIC TEST.FIL" AND AFTER
"READY" PROMPT, TYPE "PTAPE"
THEN YOU MAY "LIST" OR "RUN"
LLFP.ASM begins:
;###S
;MODIFIED BY TONY GOLD FOR NON-MACR0 ASSEMBLER
;CHANGES WITHIN ;###S AND ;###E LINES
;ALL ORIGINAL CODE RETAINED AS COMMENTS
;###E
;
; ////FLOATING POINT PACKAGE FOR THE MCS8
; ////BY DAVID MEAD
; ////MODIFIED BY HAL BRAND 9/6/74
; ////MODIFIED FOR 24 BIT MANTISSAS***********
; ////PLUS ADDED I/O CONVERSION ROUTINES
; ////NEW ROUTINE COMMENTS
; ////ARE PRECEEDED BY /
; ////OTHER CHANGES ARE NOTED BY **
; ////MODIFIED BY FRANK OLKEN 6/28/75
;
;
;###S
; EQUATES FOR RELOCATED PACKAGES
ORG 10DDH
INTERP: EQU 0100H
FPTBL: EQU 1774H
IOJUMP: EQU 1900H
CONIN: EQU IOJUMP+4
STATUS: EQU IOJUMP+0AH
INP: EQU FPTBL+33H
OUTR: EQU FPTBL+36H
OUTL: EQU INTERP+7D9H
INL: EQU INTERP+996H
; ORG 110000Q
;
;
CPM: EQU 5
;CONIN EQU 404Q ; JMP TABLE LOCATION OF CONSOLE INP.
;STATUS EQU 412Q ; JMP TABLE LOC. FOR STATUS PORT INPUT
;OUTR EQU 113775Q ;LINK TO BASIC
;OUTL EQU 103726Q
Does this look like anything you've already seen?
Bill
French Luser
> = NOTE THAT IMPROVED IMPLEMENTATIONS OF LLLBASIC AND DISK
> = TINY BASIC NOW ARE PRESENT ON VOLUMES 10 AND 11 RESPECTIVELY
Many thanks for your message.
Indeed, I was surprised that, if LLLBASIC had been so interesting, no improved
or updated versions would have found their ways into the software library of
the CP/M User's Group.
This said, I was not expecting to recreate the source code of the LLLBASIC
interpreter.
I have only a handfull of issues of "Interface Age". I have no idea what was
published in computer magazines at the time. I hope that more knowledgeable
persons will tell us what would be the most logical way to recreate LLLBASIC
and its doc.
Yours Sincerely,
"French Luser"
French Luser
Last night, in my bed, I was wondering if I had been clear and well explained
what I wanted to say (in a foreign language).
I re-looked (in my head) the format of the LLLFPP, and suddenly said: "Bloody
Hell! It was an ANSI 4-bytes FP format, while all my talks where mentioning
the IEEE-754 (which is called "IEEE format")".
So, for Newbies who started after the IBM Clown, I must explain that, before
the IBM Clown, several Floating-Point implementations existed under CP/M.
The most common one was the ANSI FP format, since it was a national (=US)
standard.
Under CP/M, the "Commercial BASIC" used a BCD Floating-Point system.
There were also a few S-100 Bus cards which were using FP chips that were
made, back then. The one I remember (there were several FP chips before the
8087) is the AMD-9512.
Of course, since everybody was re-inventing the wheel, back then, many persons
created their own versions of FP.
That's why it was a mess (but, at least, everybody had a more-or-less
extensive comprehension of the difficulties of FP, since everybody had to
implement one FP package, since the 8080 had no FP capabilities) until the
8087 arrived, a long time after the IBM Clown.
But the presence of the 8087 (etc.) created a new problem: since everybody was
expecting that everybody had it, the subject became less and less understood,
by lack of making your own.
So, to close the loop: the LLLFPODT.ASM file that I recreated is the source
code of a Floating-Point Package that used to run under the ODT (Octal
Debugging Tool) used at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory circa 1973-1975, and
is, of course, a 8080 (and probably 8008, at the beginning) implementation of
the ANSI 4-bytes FP standard, which is totally different from the IEEE-754 FP
standard, which became the "standard" only after the IBM Clown.
Hope to have been clear. As far as I know, no implementation of IEEE-754
exists under CP/M, since it became a standard only after the shift to the IBM
Clown. Maybe a programming project?
Good luck.
Yours Sincerely,
"French Luser"
Charles Richmond
>
> [snip...] [snip...] [snip...]
> Hope to have been clear. As far as I know, no implementation of IEEE-754
> exists under CP/M, since it became a standard only after the shift to the IBM
> Clown. Maybe a programming project?
>
after the appearance of the IBM PC. In the following web page:
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/
...you will find...
IEEE 754-1985 governs binary floating-point arithmetic.
It specifies number formats, basic operations, conversions,
and exceptional conditions. The related standard
IEEE 854-1987 generalizes 754 to cover decimal arithmetic
as well as binary.
Charles Richmond
index did *not* sound like CPMUG010 represented an update to disk
CPMUG002. That is why I did *not* mention disk 10.
>
> Those interested in this thread may find it instructive to check for
> differences.
>
> Because I have ORIGINAL copies, nothing later redacted has been
> removed. I will give copies to anyone of any redacted material solely
> for educational use. You may not USE any such copies to actually
> operate your computer. I am interested in preserving an accurate
> history.
>
floating point code is also public domain. So there should be *no*
intellectual property problems with running this code. However,
I do *not* blame you for being cautious here.
French Luser
> http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/
Very good Web page, Charles!
You can rest, at last!
Yours Sincerely,
"French Luser"
Herb Johnson
http://retrotechnology.com/herbs_stuff/lllfp_update.txt
either has, or links to, ASM files and documents regarding the LLNL
"floating point" package discussed in this thread. Look there for
specifics and the various files. I'll update it if others report more
Lawrence Livermore Lab "stuff", as my time permits. I'd like notice
from any Web site that chooses to archive the files listed and offered
as I don't plan to maintain an archive myself: I'll add links to such
archives when notified.
Details below. - Herb Johnson
Herb Johnson wrote:
> All this got my attention. At this point, there are two accessable
> versions of
> the Lawrence Livermore Labs floating point package:
>
> http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/cdrom/SIMTEL/CPMUG/CPMUG002.ARK
>
> I'll call this the "CPMUG file".
>
> PDF of LLNL document listing and describing that file at:
>
> http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/171286.pdf
>
> as UCRL-51940, Floating Point Package for 8008 and 8080...
> Michael D Maples Oct 24 1975.
>
> I'll call this "LLNL listing".
Thanks to "Bill", in another part of this thread. He pointed out that
there WAS an update in CPMUG Volume 10. So that would be a "third"
version generally available:
http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/cdrom/SIMTEL/CPMUG/CPMUG010.ARK
However, when I did a "quick" visual review (about half an hour)
between the two
sets of floating-poing codes, there were only some changes to tables at
either end of the ASM file. THE CODE LOOKS IDENTICAL otherwise. NEITHER
has the square-root routine as listed in the PDF of the LLNL document
as linked above.
http://retrotechnology.com/herbs_stuff/lllfp_update.txt
So my "update" file now includes the differences between the CPMUG02
and CPMUG010 files. It has the square root routine from the PDF
listing. It links to the files as also linked above, plus to copies on
my Web site of
Roche's hand-entered docs from the LLNL PDF document. I've also linked
to
my copies of the ASM files extracted from the CPMUG archives.
My "update" file also has notes about the general discussion in this NG
about the FP package. It does NOT discuss the methods of recovering
files from printed sources or of file omparisons in CP/M: Mr. Roche's
posts already do that. If and when Roche releases his ASM copy, I'll
add that to my site and to this document. I'll update the "update"
document if
anyone reports other sources or files.
If this bit of work becomes of more interest I'll revise my document to
an HTML file. All the ASM files are available to anyone. All the code
is a product of a US National Lab and I know of no copyright issues
associated with such work.When the dust settles on all
this, I'll post BRIEF and final results.
I'd like notice from any Web site that chooses to archive the files
listed and offered as I don't plan to maintain an archive myself: I'll
add links to such archives when notified.
Herb Johnson
> Short story: the document linked below
>
> http://retrotechnology.com/herbs_stuff/lllfp_update.txt
>
> either has, or links to, ASM files and documents regarding the LLNL
> "floating point" package discussed in this thread. Look there for
> specifics and the various files. I'll update it if others report more
> Lawrence Livermore Lab "stuff", as my time permits. I'd like notice
> from any Web site that chooses to archive the files listed and offered
> as I don't plan to maintain an archive myself: I'll add links to such
> archives when notified.
>
> Details below. - Herb Johnson
The above link is now obsolete.
I've now completed recovering the LLNL "floating point" package from
both the
CPMUG archives (disks 2 and 10); the PDF from Lawrence Livermore; and
from Roche's post of the document (but not source code) from the PDF.
I've added those files to my Web section of several recovered files
from Roche's posts:
http://www.retrotechnology.com/roche/
The Web page linked above links to my TEMPORARY archive of those files
or links to other archives. Please notify me of any errors or
corrections.
Please notify me if you have a publically accessable archive of similar
files and you've added these to YOUR archive; I'll post a link on my
page to your archive accordingly. I'll remove these files when a few
archives have taken them. My intent is TO REDISTRIBUTE, NOT TO ARCHIVE,
this material.
My email address is below. DO NOT EMAIL to "gmail.com".
David Scott Coburn
> While searching for ANY information (I want the ROM Monitor code!!!)
> for my MST-80 processor trainer kit from LLNL I found what you're
> looking for.
> And if someone would like to help me, I'm looking for any information
> on the MST-80 single board microprocessor trainer kit.
Grant,
I have a photocopy of the manual for the MST-80. It has a listing of
the monitor code, schematic, etc.
If you email to me your mailing address I will send a copy to you.
Cheers,
Scott
sco...@optonline.net
Jeffrey W. Shook
Grant Stockly wrote:
> While searching for ANY information (I want the ROM Monitor code!!!)
> for my MST-80 processor trainer kit from LLNL I found what you're
> looking for.
>
> Laboratory.
>
> Try this link:
>
> http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/171286.pdf
>
> If it doesn't work, let me know and I can describe how to search
> through their site to get to it.
>
> And if someone would like to help me, I'm looking for any information
> on the MST-80 single board microprocessor trainer kit.
>
Hello Grant,
I just spent the better part of an hour trying to find that same
document using the LLNL WWW site and failed. I would appreciate it if
you could explain how you did it. I am looking for information on the
use of CP/M in 1975 and later.
Thanks, Jeff
Grant Stockly
>
> I just spent the better part of an hour trying to find that same
> document using the LLNL WWW site and failed. I would appreciate it if
> you could explain how you did it. I am looking for information on the
> use of CP/M in 1975 and later.
>
> Thanks, Jeff
The website doesn't seem to be responding right now.
I just did searches for 8080, 8008, MST80, MST-80.
I'll try to find out later when it works.
Grant
primo
wrote:
It looks like someone noticed the access and purged the files from
their servers. I get nothing from the url till I cut it back to the
tid entry. Everything past that is gone.
Jeffrey W. Shook
Hi Grant,
I called them up and asked why the search link didn't work. The reason
is that the server quit working. They said it probably would be fixed
but were not sure when. It probably was already not working when I tried
to search.
Jeff