Ubwiru mu Rwanda rwo hambere by Pr.Léopold Munyakazi.
Elenga Enkoy
IYO BAVUZE UBWIRU WUMVA IKI? (Léopold Munyakazi)
Mgr Alexis Kagame, umwiru mukuru w’i bwami.(Photo leprophete.fr)
Mu bihe bishize kuri murandasi habaye ibiganiro byerekeye iyimikwa n’ubwami bwa Kigeri V Ndahindurwa. Bamwe bati “yiyita umwami atari we kuko atigeze yimikwa hakurikijwe imihango gakondo. Abandi bati Umwami Kigeri V Ndahindurwa ni umwami byuzuye kuko, kimwe na Mutara III Rudahigwa, yimitswe hakurikijwe imihango ya kijyambere kandi na we akaba yararahiriye kuba umwami wa kijyambere aho kuba umwami gakondo. Abandi na bo bati mu mwaka wa 1925 abashinzwe imihango y’uBwiru banyazwe ububasha bwabo n’Ubutegetsi bwari bushinzwe ubuyobozi bw’uRwanda. N’ikimenyimenyi, uwari ubari ku isonga akaba n’umutoni muri bo, Gashamura ka Rukangirashyamba, yaciriwe i Burundi kugira ngo imirimo ye yibagirane. Kuva muri uwo mwaka kugeza mu wa 1959, nta muntu n’umwe wongeye kugirwa uMwiru. No guhera mu mwaka wa 1928, nta mihango y’uBwiru yongeye kujya ikorerwa ku mugaragaro.
Mu iyimikwa rya Kigeri V Ndahindurwa, habaye impaka zishyamiranya abatsimbaraye kuri gakondo bifuzaga kuzura ibyashaje, n’abari barinjiye mu bihe bigezwe ho bya kijyambere . Aba banyuma baraganje, kuko amaherezo ku itariki ya 9 Ukwakira 1959 Umwami Kigeri V Ndahindurwa yimitswe ku buryo bwa kijyambere umunsi arahirira imbere y’abategetsi bafite ububasha bwose bwo kwakira indahiro ye. Bityo rero, nshyigikiye Padiri Kagame wemeza ko Umwami Kigeri V ari umwami nyawe kuko ubwami abukomora ku murage wa se kandi akimikwa mu buryo bwemewe kandi bw’igihe kigezwe ho bwa kijyambere. Aha simpajijinganya na gato.
Mu biganiro nibukije mu kanya, hari abishingikirije ku Bwiru babuha n’agaciro nk’ak’amategeko y’Imana. Byanteye gusubira mu cyigisho kibwerekeye ho twahawe na Padiri Kagame muri Kaminuza y’uRwanda ngira ngo namwe nzakibageze ho. Mboneye ho ariko kubanza kugira icyo mvuga ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe icyo cyigisho kitibanze ho.
1o Ubwiru ni iki?
Padiri Kagame avuga ko “uBwiru” ari “ibanga ritamenwa”. Mu nkoranya ya Tervuren/IRST ho bavuga ko uBwiru ari “imihango y’amabanga y’ibwami”. Ngo“Iyo mihango yabaga yarateganyirijwe guha umwami ububasha butari ubw’abandi igihe yimikwaga bigatuma abukomeza kandi akabukoresha igihe ari ngombwa.Yose hamwe yari nk’amategeko agizwe n’ibice cumi n’umunani bita inzira, agateganya uburyo buhambaye bwo kurengera igihugu.” Muri make, umuntu yavuga ko ubwiru ari “imihango umwami yakoraga cyangwa yakorerwaga ho kugira ngo aronke ububasha buhambaye bwo kurengera igihugu”. Kurengera igihugu ni uguha buri kinyabuzima cyose imibereho myiza, uburumbuke n’amahoro. Uretse izerekeye ububasha bw’umwami bwihariye, Inzira z’uBwiru zerekeranye n’ibituma ibinyabuzima byose bishyika kuri izo ntego eshatu umwami aharanira: ubuhinzi, ubworozi, umuhigo, ubuvumvu, umuganura, umuriro, ubuvuzi, umwuzure, rukungugu, nb.
2o Ubwiru bwaje gute?
Ubwiru si umwihariko w’uRwanda. Bwabonekaga mu bindi bihugu byinshi by’Afurika byagenderaga ku mitegekere y’ubwami. Ubwami bwo mu bihugu byo mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari bwari bufite imihango y’ubwiru: uBurundi, uBugesera, uBunyabungo, uBushubi, uBushiru, Cyingogo, uBusozo, uBukunzi, uBuha, Karagwe, Ndorwa, nb. Bityo rero, ubwiru si umwihariko w’ingoma nyiginya. Ubwiru si umwihariko w’ubwoko cyangwa w’umuryango. Ikigaragara ariko, nkurikije amakuru nashoboye kumenya, ni uko mu Rwanda honyine ari ho Abiru bashoboye guhererekanya iyo mihango ku buryo n’ubu ubwiru bugize ingeri ikomeye y’umurage gakondo w’Abanyarwanda.
Aho Abanyiginya bamariye kugira ingufu bakarema ingoma yabo bigarurira izindi zo mu karere, bendeye ku mihango y’ubwiru yari isanzwe ho maze bongera mo iyindi. Bavuga ko Rubunga ari we wamenyesheje Gihanga ubwiru bw’ingoma y’Abarenge. Kubera iyo neza ye, yaje guhimbwa izina rya “Mwungura wunguye ingoma ubwiru”. Umwami w’uRwanda Mutara I Semugeshi yahawe “Inzira y’ishora” n’umwami w’uBurundi Mutaga II Nyamubi. Uyu yohereje mu Rwanda abiru be babiri (Nyamwonda na Kiniga) kuyitoza abiru b’uRwanda baboneye ho no kumenya ibindi bice by’ubwiru bw’i Burundi. Bavuga ko umwami Kigeri I Mukobanya yaronse ubwiru bw’Abatsobe b’i Bumbogo n’i Rukoma amaze kuhigarurira. Umwami Ruganzu II Ndori abundutse yasanze umwami Minyaruko w’uBusigi amubwira iby’ubwiru bw’ingoma , amurangira n’aho abiru ba Ndahiro II Cyamatare bahishe ingoma z’uRwanda. Umuhungu wa Minyaruko, Nyamigezi, ni we wagiye i Cyungo mu Buberuka kuramvura Karinga na bagenzi bayo bane, nuko izo ngoma aziha Ruganzu II Ndori. Ibi byose biragaragaza ko ubwiru bw’ingoma y’Abanyiginya bwakomotse impande nyinshi. Abiru b’uRwanda bagiye bongera ibyo bungutse mu byo basanganywe maze bakabihuza n’urunyiriri rw’imihango y’uRwanda.
Hari uwakwibaza ati “Ubwiru bwatangiye kuba ho ryari?”. Imihango y’ubwiru yabaye ho kuva kera cyane kubera ko buri bwami bwemeraga ko hari ububasha budasanzwe umwami yashoboraga kubonera muri iyo mihango, bigatuma igihugu cye kigira uburumbuke n’umunezero. Bwashyiraga ho rero abashinzwe iyo mihango. Tumaze kubona ko Abarenge bari bafite ubwiru, kandi barabaye ho kera cyane mbere y’Abanyiginya. Ubwami bwose bwo mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari bwari bufite ubwiru. Mu by’ukuri biraruhije kumenya ahantu n’igihe ubwiru bwabereye ho.
3o Iherezo ry’Ubwiru bw’ingoma y’Abanyiginya
Ku bireba ingoma y’Abanyiginya, abanyamateka bavuga ko yagiye isigarana ubwiru bw’ingoma z’ibihugu yatsinze. Ngo ubwiru bwaba bwaratangiye guhabwa umwanya ukomeye mu buyobozi bw’igihugu ku ngoma z’abami Cyirima I Rugwe, Kigeri I Mukobanya na Mibambwe I Mutabazi I. Abandi bami ngo bagize uruhare rugaragara mu mitunganyirize y’ubwiru ni Ruganzu II Ndori na Yuhi IV Gahindiro. Abiru bagiye bagira ijambo rinini mu miyoborere y’igihugu.
Mu mwaka wa 1925 ni bwo Ubutegetsi bushinzwe ubuyobozi bw’uRwanda bwavanye ho imihango y’ubwiru, n’umutware w’inteko y’Abiru, Gashamura ka Rukangirashyamba, agacirwa i Burundi. Kuva mu mwaka wa 1931 umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa yimikwa n’Abategetsi bashinzwe ubuyobozi bw’uRwanda, Abiru ntibongeye kugaragara mu mihango y’ibwami kuko igihugu cyari cyiyemeje kugendera ku matwara mashya ya gikirisitu. Abiru bongeye gusunutsa umutwe mu gihe cy’iyimikwa ry’umwami Kigeri V Ndahindurwa, ariko ntibyabahiriye kubera ko bashatse gutsimbarara ku mico gakondo bikabashyamiranya n’Abategetsi bashinzwe ubuyobozi bifuzaga imihango ya kijyambere. Umwami Kigeri V Ndahindurwa amaze kwima yagerageje kuzanzamura urwo rwego ashyira ho Abiru bashya, ariko nta kintu kigaragara bakoze kuko hahise haba ho imyivumbagatanyo yo mu wa 1959 yaje kugeza ku ivanwa ho ry’Ubwami.
4o Ubwiru buracyadutera amatsiko.
Mu gitabo Myr. Kagame yanditse mu mwaka wa 1975, yavuze ko hari abarwanyaga “Baringa”bakibwira ko barwana n’Abiru. Ngo babahaga agaciro gakabije kandi ngo bamwe bari abasaza batazi no gusoma, naho abandi ari “ibisome” bitazi n’iyo iby’uBwiru byerekera! None se bizagenda gute ko abo biru bose na bo bihinduye uBwiru? Baba he? Babitse iki? Bakimaza iki?Amaherezo ni ayahe? Ibyo ni ibibazo abantu bacyibaza kugeza ubu, bikaba kandi byari bikwiriye kubona ibisubizo.
Twakwiringira yuko abo Biru barazwe uBwiru bw’ingoma y’Abanyiginya bakibuhererekanya n’ababakomoka ho. Wenda igihe kizagera babushyire ahagaragara, bityo tumenye igipande cy’ishingiro ry’ubutegetsi bw’abami b’uRwanda. Myr. Aregisi Kagame yatabarutse adatangaje ibyo yari yarabwiwe byose ku Bwiru. Byaba byiza ko abegukanye umurage w’ubushakashatsi bwe na bo bazagira ubwo bamurika uwo mutungo w’agaciro kanini, kuko ari umutungo w’igihugu. Turacyakeneye kumenya ibikubiye mu “Nzira y’amapfizi”, mu “Ntekerezo z’uBwiru”, mu “Irage ry’Abami” no mu “Murage w’Ingoma”. Wenda haboneka mo ibisubizo byadufasha gukemura ibibazo bibangamiye uRwanda muri kino gihe. Ubwo Bwiru twabuhuza n’ibihe tugeze mo nk’uko abakurambere bacu bagiye babigenza igihe binjizaga mo ingingo zivuye mu bwiru bw’izindi ngoma cyangwa bakongera mo ibindi byemezo bishya bitewe n’amateka igihugu kigeze mo. Abaherejwe uBwiru mu bice byabwo byose bari bakwiriye kubutangaza. Butarazimira. Ntibizaba bikitwa “kumena ibanga” kuko Abiru babubwiye Padiri Kagame bamusabye gusa gutegereza ko batabaruka kugira ngo butangazwe. Ndibwira ko hasigaye bake cyane muri abo Bakambwe. Bizanadufasha kugenzura niba ibyo Abazungu Mariseri D’Hertefelt na Andereya Coupez batangaje mu mwaka wa 1964 bihwanye n’umwimereri wabyo. Sam Sekamana yavuze ko ubwiru bw’ingoma nyiginya bwatangarijwe rubanda (rendu public) mu mwaka wa 1945, ariko ntiyavuze uwabutangaje n’inzu y’ibitabo cyangwa isomero umuntu ashobora kubona mo igitabo cyabwo.
Ndarangiza nsaba abatubwira ko ubwiru ari ikintu kitayega, kitabonda, kidahinduka, kuzirikana ingero nyinshi zo mu mateka y’uRwanda zitagiye zubahiriza “amategeko” nk’uko yateganyijwe mu bwiru. Reka mvuge mo nkeya: n’ubwo Rwaka yimitswe mu buryo buboneye akamara n’imyaka myinshi ku ngoma, izina rye ry’ubwami ryavanywe ku itonde ry’abami; Rwabugiri ntiyagombaga kwimika Rutarindwa ngo basangire ingoma; Rujugira yasimbuye mwene se Rwaka kandi nta mwami wabyaraga abami babiri; Rwabugiri yimitse Rutarindwa atari umuhungu we bwite; Musinga yasimbuye Rutarindwa kandi nta mwami wabyaraga abami babiri; n’ubwo yimitswe mu buryo buboneye, Rutarindwa yavanywe ku itonde ry’abami ; Rutarindwa yahawe umugabekazi udakomoka mu muryango wa nyina, kandi ufite umuhungu ushobora kuba umwami; Mutara II Rwogera yahaye Rwakagara uburenganzira bwo kumenya uBwiru kandi yari uwo mu muryango uva mo abagabekazi; Musinga yagombaga kwimikwa ku izina rya Mibambwe; Yuhi III Mazimpaka yatabarijwe ahatabugenewe; Rudahigwa na Ndahindurwa bimitswe n’Abategetsi b’abanyamahanga; Ndahindurwa yasimbuye mwene se kandi nta mwami wabyaraga abami babiri; iyo ingoma y’igihugu cy’amahanga yafatwaga, icyo gihugu cyabaga gitsinzwe, bityo kigahinduka burundu intara y’igihugu cyakinesheje: ibi byakorewe uBugesera ariko ntibyabaye ku Rwanda igihe rutsindwa n’Abanyabungo bagafata Rwoga; igihugu cya Ndorwa cyigaruriwe n’uRwanda kandi rutarigeze rufata ingoma yacyo.
Ni byiza kumenya amateka n’amategeko, ariko kandi tukanamenya ko yose akorwa n’abantu.
Mu gice gikurikira nzabageza ho ibyo Padiri Aregisi Kagame yanditse ku Bwiru bw’Ingoma z’i Rwanda. Mbe mbateguje ariko, uwo mwandiko uzaba uri mu nyandiko igaragaza amasaku n’ubutinde bw’inyajwi, nk’uko umwanditsi wawo yabigenje aho yakoreshaga ikinyarwanda hose.
Munyakazi