Jurnal Syok Anafilaktik Pdf 13
Ania Cozzolino
What is Anaphylactic Shock?
Anaphylactic shock is a severe and life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs when a person is exposed to a substance that they are allergic to. The substance can be anything, such as food, drugs, insect stings, latex, or other environmental triggers. The substance triggers the release of chemicals in the body, such as histamine, serotonin, tryptase, and other vasoactive substances, that cause widespread inflammation and vasodilation. This leads to a drop in blood pressure and a collapse of the circulation, resulting in shock. Anaphylactic shock can also affect the respiratory system, causing swelling of the airways, difficulty breathing, wheezing, and coughing. Other symptoms of anaphylactic shock include hives, itching, flushing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dizziness, fainting, and loss of consciousness.
How to Diagnose Anaphylactic Shock?
Anaphylactic shock is a medical emergency that requires immediate recognition and treatment. The diagnosis of anaphylactic shock is based on the clinical signs and symptoms of the patient, as well as the history of exposure to a potential allergen. There are several criteria that can help to diagnose anaphylactic shock, such as the Sampson criteria, the Ring and Messmer criteria, and the Brown criteria. According to the Sampson criteria, anaphylactic shock can be diagnosed if one of the following conditions is met:
- The patient has a sudden onset of skin or mucosal symptoms (such as hives or swelling) and either respiratory compromise (such as wheezing or shortness of breath) or hypotension (such as low blood pressure or fainting).
- The patient has two or more organ systems involved (such as skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, or neurological) after exposure to a likely allergen.
- The patient has hypotension after exposure to a known allergen.
Anaphylactic shock can also be confirmed by laboratory tests that measure the levels of certain substances in the blood or urine that indicate an allergic reaction. These substances include tryptase, histamine, and mast cell mediators. However, these tests are not always available or reliable in an emergency situation.
How to Treat Anaphylactic Shock?
Anaphylactic shock is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate treatment. The main goals of treatment are to restore the circulation and oxygenation of the patient, to stop the allergic reaction, and to prevent further complications. The treatment of anaphylactic shock consists of the following steps:
- Call for help and activate the emergency medical system.
- Remove the source of the allergen if possible.
- Administer epinephrine (adrenaline) by injection as soon as possible. Epinephrine is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock because it constricts the blood vessels, increases the blood pressure, relaxes the airways, and reduces the release of inflammatory chemicals. Epinephrine should be given intramuscularly in the thigh using an auto-injector device (such as EpiPen or Anapen). The dose of epinephrine depends on the age and weight of the patient. Epinephrine can be repeated every 5 to 15 minutes if needed.
- Place the patient in a supine position (lying flat on their back) with their legs elevated if possible. This helps to improve the blood flow to the vital organs.
- Monitor the vital signs (such as pulse rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation) and level of consciousness of the patient.
- Administer oxygen by mask or nasal cannula if available.
- Administer intravenous fluids (such as normal saline or Ringer's lactate) to expand the blood volume and maintain adequate blood pressure.
- Administer other medications as needed to treat specific symptoms or complications. These medications may include antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine or cetirizine), corticosteroids (such as hydrocortisone or prednisolone), bronchodilators (such as salbutamol or ipratropium), vasopressors (such as dopamine or norepinephrine), or anticholinergics (such as atropine).
- Transport the patient to a hospital for further evaluation and management.
Conclusion
Anaphylactic shock is a serious and potentially fatal allergic reaction that can affect various organs and systems in the body. It requires prompt recognition and treatment to prevent complications and death. The diagnosis of anaphylactic shock is based on the clinical presentation and the history of exposure to a possible allergen. The treatment of anaphylactic shock involves the administration of epinephrine, oxygen, fluids, and other medications as needed. Anaphylactic shock can be prevented by avoiding known allergens, carrying an epinephrine auto-injector, and wearing a medical alert bracelet or necklace.
In this article, we have provided a comprehensive PDF resource with 13 facts about anaphylactic shock. We hope that this article has helped you to understand what anaphylactic shock is, how to diagnose it, how to treat it, and how to prevent it. If you have any questions or feedback, please feel free to leave a comment below. Thank you for reading and stay safe!