Coconut plantations in Costa Rica

[Emilia Umaña]

Hello all,

I have been trying to settle a coconut plantation for the production of sweet coconut water in Costa Rica, do any of you have any knowledge of anyone who already has a plantation here or who is interested in having one? I exchanged some e-mails with Mr. Richard Illingworh but somehow lost track of him... I am looking for seed also, Malayan Dwarfs of Maypan hybrids since we intend to export to the US, so if you know of anyone that is producing seed or is willing to import to Costa Rica it will be most useful.

Thanks,

Emilia

[elan sun star]

What are the import rules I sent quite a lot of the samoan/tongan  (that were germinated and leaved)

dwarfs to my friend with 110 acres on the island 

 40 miles north of honduras.. Guanaja (Bonacca)

 The Honduran customs would not let them come in

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[Hugh Harries]

Elan
What follows is a copy of an email sent to the group by Bob Ikin in March 2007:

Be aware that once you begin to move coconut germplasm between countries you should also take care to not also move pests and diseases.

Guidelines for the safe movement of germplasm are given in the COGENT publication -

Germplasm Health Management for COGENT's Multi-site International Coconut Genebank. Authors: Robert Ikin and Pons Batugal (editors).(2004)  COGENT/IPGRI.

www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=987

It is most important that you are aware of the dangers of unrestricted movement of germplasm as the sources of new pest and disease incursions.

Bob Ikin

Briefly, do not send any plant material from one country to another without first checking whether the recipient needs to get permission to import. Most countries have restrictions. If an import licence is issued it will state what the requirements are that concern coconut; generally not to import from anywhere that certain pests and diseases exist. Even if you are in a healthy area you will need to provide a quarantine certificate from your national authority to say where the seed originated and confirm that it has been inspected and found to be free of pathogens. As it is very difficult to be certain that nothing dangerous is lurking in the coconut husk it may be necessary to fumigate and /or remove it first - and this can result in poor germination. Growing plants with green leaves may easily carry insects eggs, larvae etc and should never be sent because they (the plants) will probably be destroyed either in transit or on arrival. In any country where epidemic diseases occur this last restriction should also apply to movement of green plants (not just coconuts) within the country itself.

Is that enough to be going on with?
 

Hugh Harries
Coconut Time Line
Coconut Knowledge Network

[Henry Donselman]

I had a problem with the link you attached Hugh.  Maybe http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnach919.pdf works better.

Henry
 

Dr. Henry Donselman, Palm Specialist 

Visit: http://thepalmdoc.com/ 

J   Please consider the environment before printing this message.

---

From: Hugh Harries <hugh.h...@gmail.com>
To: coc...@googlegroups.com
Sent: Wed, May 25, 2011 11:20:01 AM
Subject: Re: [Coconut:4227] Coconut plantations in Costa Rica

[elan sun star]

I spoke with the head of Agricultural Department here recently and also Aphis
they were quite courteous and facilitating.
Yes more and more I am finding out that these legislations apply to even 3rd world places (in a manner).
Yet somehow germplasm has to spread the way it used to normally...
it seems we need a manhattanproject to get coconuts onto their rightful platform as nourishment adn balm
Elan

Elan

What follows is a copy of an email sent to the group by Bob Ikin in March 2007:

Be aware that once you begin to move coconut germplasm between countries you should also take care to not also move pests and diseases. 

Guidelines for the safe movement of germplasm are given in the COGENT publication - 

Germplasm Health Management for COGENT's Multi-site International Coconut Genebank. Authors: Robert Ikin and Pons Batugal (editors).(2004)  COGENT/IPGRI. 

www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=987 

It is most important that you are aware of the dangers of unrestricted movement of germplasm as the sources of new pest and disease incursions. 

Bob Ikin

Briefly, do not send any plant material from one country to another without first checking whether the recipient needs to get permission to import. Most countries have restrictions. If an import licence is issued it will state what the requirements are that concern coconut; generally not to import from anywhere that certain pests and diseases exist. Even if you are in a healthy area you will need to provide a quarantine certificate from your national authority to say where the seed originated and confirm that it has been inspected and found to be free of pathogens. As it is very difficult to be certain that nothing dangerous is lurking in the coconut husk it may be necessary to fumigate and /or remove it first - and this can result in poor germination. Growing plants with green leaves may easily carry insects eggs, larvae etc and should never be sent because they (the plants) will

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[Hugh Harries]

Thanks Henry. Another link is http://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/bioversity/publications/pdfs/361.pdf
Hugh

[Richard Illingworth]

Dear Group
From our former Hacienda Victoria, we rescued a limited quantity of Malayan Green Dwarf (MGD), which are now in production.
The long term potential use might be to produce hybrids, should a real demand exist.
In the meantime, we would be happy to work with a serious buyer of MGD seed.
Despite past misinformation emanating from a Honduras source, Costa Rica remains free from LY.
I responded to Emilia Umaña three times last month, giving my E-address and telephone numbers, but received nothing back.
Regards
Richard Illingworth
ill...@racsa.co.cr
+506 2268 2903 (office)
+506 8981 7710 (mobile)
rif...@hotmail.com

-- 
Regards
Richard

Richard Illingworth
San José, Costa Rica
Tel   +506 2268 2903 
Mob +506 8981 7710

[Emilia Umaña]

Dear Mr. Illingworth,

I wrote back three times too! I think there must be something wrong with my e-mail account then... I shall call you to your office number listed below this week. I am very sorry about all this! I was looking forward to meet you very much!

Thank you,

Emilia Umaña
emilia...@gmail.com
eum...@disaso.com
(506) 8918 8631

[Mirisola]

Dear Emilia,

If you are interested in planting Brazilian Green Dwarf, known for its
excellent water. I could send the seeds.

Luiz Mirisola.

[Emilia Umaña]

Dear Luiz,

I would be interested to try and plant a part of the plantation with this variety. Where are you? Do you produce this seed in great proportions? I have heard that this particular variety is may have problems with Phythopthora sp., since where we are going to plant is very humid, do you think it may need any special care?

Emilia

[Mirisola]

Dear Emilia,

The BGD is grown in several regions of Brazil, including in the Amazon
region, where precipitation of more than 3000 mm per year without
problems Phythopthora. There are several farmers are able to provide
quality seeds in large quantity. I could provide the seeds. Does not
exist in Brazil LY, the BGD is tolerant to phytoplasma.

Luiz Mirisola.

[Dulce]

Mirisola escreveu:

> Dear Emilia,
>
> The BGD is grown in several regions of Brazil, including in the Amazon
> region, where precipitation of more than 3000 mm per year without
> problems Phythopthora. There are several farmers are able to provide
> quality seeds in large quantity. I could provide the seeds. Does not
> exist in Brazil LY, the BGD is tolerant to phytoplasma.
>
> Luiz Mirisola.
>

> On May 30, 8:10 pm, Emilia Uma�a <emilia.um...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> Dear Luiz,
>>
>> I would be interested to try and plant a part of the plantation with this
>> variety. Where are you? Do you produce this seed in great proportions? I
>> have heard that this particular variety is may have problems with
>> Phythopthora sp., since where we are going to plant is very humid, do you
>> think it may need any special care?
>>
>> Emilia
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

Dear Emilia, Luiz and other members of our group.

It is well kown the damages caused by /Phytophthora arecae /in the
Philippines and the /P. palmivora /in Ivory Coast. In Brazil these
species were never reported attacking coconuts it may occurs or may be
not????????? I personally tryed to isolate without success once or twice
so it seems to me inadequate to conclude the Brazilian Green Dwarf is
"tolerant" to a disease that is not oficially present in our country.
Some years ago in the State of Cear�, several plants were killed and Dr
Franqueville came and also did not isolate this oomycete. So Dr Luiz if
you have a publication stating that I am misinformed please make this
publication availablem to all of us.

Dulce Warwick
Plant Pathologist

===========================
Aviso de confidencialidade:
===========================

- Esta mensagem da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa), empresa publica federal regida pelo disposto na Lei Federal n. 5.851, de 7 de dezembro de 1972, eh enviada exclusivamente a seu destinatario e pode conter informacoes confidenciais, protegidas por sigilo profissional. Sua utilizacao desautorizada eh ilegal e sujeita o infrator as penas da lei. Se voce a recebeu indevidamente, queira, por gentileza, reenvia-la ao emitente, esclarecendo o equivoco.

=====================
Confidentiality note:
=====================

- "This message from Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa), a government company established under Brazilian law (5.851/72), is directed exclusively to its addressee and may contain confidential data, protected under professional secrecy rules. Its unauthorized use is illegal and may subject the transgressor to the law's penalties. If you are not the addressee, please send it back, elucidating the failure".

[Emilia Umaña]

Dear Luiz, Dulce and others,

What is the history of this variety? I have read the description of the variety written by Bourdeix, R., Tupinamba E. and Konan JL in the Catalog of conserved coconut germplasm. It states that the hybrids with BGD were sensitive to Phythophthora. This disease is present in my country, that is where my concern comes from. I also come to think that the same variety may behave differently from country to country, what do you think?

Thanks,

Emilia

On Tue, May 31, 2011 at 1:30 PM, Dulce <du...@cpatc.embrapa.br> wrote:

Mirisola escreveu:

Dear Emilia,

The BGD is grown in several regions of Brazil, including in the Amazon
region, where precipitation of more than 3000 mm per year without
problems Phythopthora. There are several farmers are able to provide
quality seeds in large quantity. I could provide the seeds. Does not
exist in Brazil LY, the BGD is tolerant to phytoplasma.

Luiz Mirisola.

On May 30, 8:10 pm, Emilia Umaña <emilia.um...@gmail.com> wrote:
 

Dear Luiz,

I would be interested to try and plant a part of the plantation with this
variety. Where are you? Do you produce this seed in great proportions? I
have heard that this particular variety is may have problems with
Phythopthora sp., since where we are going to plant is very humid, do you
think it may need any special care?

Emilia



 

Dear Emilia, Luiz and other members of our group.

It is well kown the damages caused by /Phytophthora arecae /in the Philippines and the /P. palmivora /in Ivory Coast. In Brazil these species  were never reported attacking coconuts it may occurs or may be not????????? I personally tryed to isolate without success once or twice so it seems to me inadequate to conclude the Brazilian Green Dwarf is "tolerant" to a disease that is not oficially  present in our country. Some years ago in the State of Ceará, several plants were killed and Dr Franqueville came and also did not isolate this oomycete. So Dr Luiz if you have a publication stating that I am misinformed please make this publication availablem to all of us.

Dulce Warwick
Plant Pathologist

===========================
Aviso de confidencialidade:
===========================

- Esta mensagem da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa), empresa publica federal regida pelo disposto na Lei Federal n. 5.851, de 7 de dezembro de 1972, eh enviada exclusivamente a seu destinatario e pode conter informacoes confidenciais, protegidas por sigilo profissional. Sua utilizacao desautorizada eh ilegal e sujeita o infrator as penas da lei. Se voce a recebeu indevidamente, queira, por gentileza, reenvia-la ao emitente, esclarecendo o equivoco.

=====================
Confidentiality note:
=====================

- "This message from Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa), a government company established under Brazilian law (5.851/72), is directed exclusively to its addressee and may contain confidential data, protected under professional secrecy rules. Its unauthorized use is illegal and may subject the transgressor to the law's penalties. If you are not the addressee, please send it back, elucidating the failure".

--

[Mirisola]

Dear Emilia,

I said the BGD is tolerant to LY. I did not say that BGD is tolerant
to Phytophthora. Phytophthora palmivora (but rot) of palm oil has
caused great damage and death of plants in the Amazon region. The
Company Denpasa located near the city of Belem, Para state, Amazon
region, Brazil, had a high incidence of disease in palm oil. There
are several groves of BGD in the same region without being affected by
the disease. This is an indication that the BGD to be tolerant to
disease, but you would have to test in your area. I have not found BGD
attacked by phytophthora.

best regards,

Luiz Mirisola.

[elan sun star]

Are you referring to Palm oil producing plants or Coconut?
you uysed the term palm oil?
If this is massed produced pantation grown heavily fertilized crop then no wonder the results include disease.
No way around nature's built in time clock
healthy plants cannot be rushed in their production that is essentially why they are valuable
If yone produces a quantitiy of cheap mass produced product of any type it only drives the prices down.

there is no substitute for quality
and with it disease is not longer a mystery.
We rarely see any information about organic production.

[Mirisola]

Dear Emilia,

Sorry, I mentioned the oil palm. Some places where oil palm is grown
Phytophthora occurs. In places near the coconut does not have the
disease. Suggesting that the BGD is tolerance to Phytophthora.

Luiz Mirisola.

> > Getting too many emails? The abridged email option (no more than 1 email per day) gives a summary of new activity each day; the digest email option (approximately 1 email per day) gives up to 25 full new messages bundled into a single email. For more options, go tohttp://groups.google.com/group/coconut/subscribe

[srinivasan narayanasamy]

Hello Mirisola,

Whether BGD has similarity with MGD (i.e., Malayan Green Dwarf)? You may provide some inputs on BGD. Regards.

Dr. N. Srinivasan

[Roland BOURDEIX]

BGD is NOT tolerant to phytoplasma, this will be so marvelous, but unfortunatly....

---

De : coc...@googlegroups.com [mailto:coc...@googlegroups.com] De la part de srinivasan narayanasamy
Envoyé : mercredi 1 juin 2011 08:18
À : coc...@googlegroups.com
Objet : Re: [Coconut:4279] Re: Coconut plantations in Costa Rica

[Mirisola]

Dear Srinivasan,

Papers performed with molecular markers indicate that BGD originates
in the Philippines. The origin of the BGD has been discussed in the
group. The BGD is slightly drought tolerant when irrigated and
conducted with good cultural practices is very productive. The BGD is
used in Brazil for the production of tender coconut. The copra the BGD
has 25-30% oil. The characteristics of the BG are described in the
book of Dr. Roland Bourdeix "Coconut. A guide to traditional and
improved varieties."

best regards,

Luiz Mirisola.

On 1 jun, 06:03, "Roland BOURDEIX" <Roland.BOURD...@cefe.cnrs.fr>
wrote:

> BGD is NOT tolerant to phytoplasma, this will be so marvelous, but unfortunatly....
>
> ________________________________
>
> De : coc...@googlegroups.com [mailto:coc...@googlegroups.com] De la part de srinivasan narayanasamy
> Envoyé : mercredi 1 juin 2011 08:18
> À : coc...@googlegroups.com
> Objet : Re: [Coconut:4279] Re: Coconut plantations in Costa Rica
>
> Hello Mirisola,
> Whether BGD has similarity with MGD (i.e., Malayan Green Dwarf)? You may provide some inputs on BGD. Regards.
> Dr. N. Srinivasan
>

> Getting too many emails? The abridged email option (no more than 1 email per day) gives a summary of new activity each day; the digest email option (approximately 1 email per day) gives up to 25 full new messages bundled into a single email. For more options, go tohttp://groups.google.com/group/coconut/subscribe

>
> To unsubscribe, send  an email to coconut-u...@googlegroups.com
>
> --
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>
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>

> Getting too many emails? The abridged email option (no more than 1 email per day) gives a summary of new activity each day; the digest email option (approximately 1 email per day) gives up to 25 full new messages bundled into a single email. For more options, go tohttp://groups.google.com/group/coconut/subscribe

[Hugh Harries]

The molecular marker data has probably been misinterpreted. It is more likely that the both the Philippine material and the BGD share a common origin, either in Indonesia, Malaysia or even Thailand. The documentary evidence in Brazil favours Thailand and it is probably no coincidence that Brazil and Thailand are global leaders in coconut water marketing.

This does not devalue the dwarf varieties that are used for coconut water in other countries, like the Philippines or Sri Lanka, but simply recognises the fact that the commercial possibilities of the dwarf coconut were recognised in Malaysia in 1919, after which time they were in world-wide demand as planting material. 

From personal experience I can state that the green Malayan Dwarf was preferred - for drinking - over the red and yellow colour forms in Jamaica in the 1970s.

Infection by Phytophthora bud rot might be minimised by ensuring adequate air movement, between palms and, especially below the canopy at the early stage, when the leaf canopies meet but  before  stem elongation has lifted the lower leaves of the ground.

Even in countries presently free of phytoplasma diseases a sensible precaution would be to inter-plant with other (tree) crops that do not support pathogen transmission by the insect vector (the hypothetical "Royal Palm effect, first noted in the Dominican Republic).

Hugh Harries
Coconut Time Line
Coconut Knowledge Network

[srinivasan narayanasamy]

Thanks Luiz Mirisola for your information on BGD. Dr. N. Srinivasan --- On Wed, 1/6/11, Mirisola <lmiriso...@gmail.com> wrote:

[srinivasan narayanasamy]

Dear Dr.Hugh Harries,     Thanks for your valuable points of interest. Diversity of varieties/genotypes, perhaps, would aid better against epidemics of diseases. Dr. N. Srinivasan --- On Wed, 1/6/11, Hugh Harries <hugh.h...@gmail.com> wrote:

[Mirisola]

Dr. Harries

Thanks for the always excellent comments.

Best Regards,

Luiz Mirisola

On 1 jun, 14:36, Hugh Harries <hugh.harr...@gmail.com> wrote:
> The molecular marker data has probably been misinterpreted. It is more
> likely that the both the Philippine material and the BGD share a common
> origin, either in Indonesia, Malaysia or even Thailand. The documentary
> evidence in Brazil favours Thailand and it is probably no coincidence that
> Brazil and Thailand are global leaders in coconut water marketing.
>
> This does not devalue the dwarf varieties that are used for coconut water in
> other countries, like the Philippines or Sri Lanka, but simply recognises
> the fact that the commercial possibilities of the dwarf coconut were
> recognised in Malaysia in 1919, after which time they were in world-wide
> demand as planting material.
>
> From personal experience I can state that the green Malayan Dwarf was
> preferred - for drinking - over the red and yellow colour forms in Jamaica
> in the 1970s.
>

> Infection by *Phytophthora *bud rot might be minimised by ensuring adequate
> air movement, between palms and, especially *below the canopy* at the early

> stage, when the leaf canopies meet but  before  stem elongation has lifted
> the lower leaves of the ground.
>
> Even in countries presently free of phytoplasma diseases a sensible
> precaution would be to inter-plant with other (tree) crops that do not
> support pathogen transmission by the insect vector (the hypothetical "Royal
> Palm effect, first noted in the Dominican Republic).
>

> *Hugh Harries*
> Coconut Time Line <http://cocos.arecaceae.com/>
> Coconut Knowledge Network <http://groups.google.co.uk/group/coconut>

[Carlos Oropeza]

Dear Luiz:

In Mexico where we have LY, there is a lot of interest in BGD, and therefore it would be very useful to learn about its tolerance to LY as you mentioned. Could you please provide details on this issue? For instance, on the way it was determined, where, etc.

Regards

Carlos Oropeza

Researcher on Coconut and Lethal Yellowing
Biotechnology Unit
Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY)
Calle 43 N° 130, Colonia Chuburna de Hidalgo
97200 Mérida, Yucatán, MEXICO
Tel: 999-942-8330 ext. 191
E-mail: c...@cicy.mx ; cos...@gmail.com

-----Mensaje original-----
De: Mirisola [mailto:lmiriso...@gmail.com]
Enviado el: martes, 31 de mayo de 2011 04:50 p.m.
Para: Coconut
Asunto: [Coconut:4276] Re: Coconut plantations in Costa Rica

[Dulce]

Roland BOURDEIX escreveu:

> BGD is NOT tolerant to phytoplasma, this will be so marvelous, but
> unfortunatly....
>

> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> **
>
> Dear Dr Bourdeix,

Why the term tolerant is used? In plant pathology a plant considered
tolerant is the one that even with the pathogen present still you get
some production (at least that what my professors in Purdue and Georgia
said in class).................. For a lethal disease the plant is
either susceptible or resistant. Please enlight me how this concept is
applyed to a disease such as coconut lethal yellowing, Regards Dulce Warwick

[Dulce]

Emilia Uma�a escreveu:

> Dear Luiz, Dulce and others,
>
> What is the history of this variety? I have read the description of
> the variety written by Bourdeix, R., Tupinamba E. and Konan JL in the
> Catalog of conserved coconut germplasm. It states that the hybrids
> with BGD were sensitive to Phythophthora. This disease is present in
> my country, that is where my concern comes from. I also come to think
> that the same variety may behave differently from country to country,
> what do you think?
>
> Thanks,
>
> Emilia
>

Hi Emilia, may be you can understang some of the material below. As you
can see it is written in portuguese, because I am using the same words
used by early botanists.Last year I gave a seminar and discovered
another green coconut introduction from guess what? from
Thailand!!!!!!!!, so it seems that ARE TWO (2) Green dwarf coconut
introductions into our country............

Regards, Dulce

*Hist�rico do coqueiro an�o/ /Brasil*

Miguel Calmon, Ministro da Agricultura importou das �ndias, em 1925
centenas de mudas de coqueiro an�o, distribuindo entre os Estados do Norte.

*_Nem a precocidade nem a produ��o despertaram interesse._*

O coqueiro An�o ag�entam numerosos frutos em forma��o, ocorre

muita queda e poucos chegam a matura��o e apresentavam tamanho
insignificante.

�Encontramos a coqueiro an�o fortemente pesteado pelos insetos

e sem nenhum fruto. Combatemos as praga e adubamos fartamente com cinzas
e lixo da cidade. 0 coqueiro se recuperou e produziu cerca de 400 cocos
de tamanho regular, chegando a matura��o.

Publicamos fotografias pela imprensa e iniciamos a distribui��o de
sementes e mudas em diversos Estados do Brasil�.

*/Na primeira importa��o em 1925 veio apenas uma variedade de coco,
variedade branca, de talos, espatas e frutos verdes/*.

*Em 1939/1940. *

*Dr. Paulo Burle* importou da Tail�ndia sementes de coqueiro precoce de
variedades diversas. Visitamos sua planta��o e admiramos especialmente,
pela produtividade e beleza, os seguintes materiais:

*1. Coco marfim amarelo* - Entra em flora��o com dois anos. Produz de 30
a 40 frutos num s� cacho, com uma d�zia de cachos por ano. Observamos um
monte de belos frutos: amarelo, laranja. O coqueiro parecia ter mais
frutos do que folhagem.

*2. Coco vermelho-* cor de laranja avermelhado, igualmente produtivo,
altamente ornamental, por�m, com a tonalidade vioua1 mais acentuada*

*3. Coco caboclo-* de frutos levemente castanhos no colorido, de boa
produ��o por�m de est�tica menos berrante.

*/4. COCO BRANCO - de fruto verde, id�ntico a variedade importada por
Miguel Calmon, implantada no Norte."/*

*R. Fernandes e Silva (1939)* descreveu as variedades de coqueiro an�o:

*1. Marfim caramelo*- pec�olo amarelo a amarelo esverdeado, geralmente
coberto de um pelos aveludados, p�talas mais claras do que as dos outros
tipos. Espata amarela. Ramos da in�floresc�ncia amarelos
Os segmentos de perianto das flores masculinas e femininas amarelas, o
fruto � amarelo.

*2. Verde-* *pec�olo verde, pec�olo das folhas tenras verde. P�talas
verde escuras. Espata verde. O principal eixo da infloresc�ncia �
amarelo esverdeado, antes de secar, o fruto � verde.*

*3. Vermelho* pec�olo amarelo mais escuro do que o tipo marfim.
* *espata avermelhada, fruto amarelo esverdeado.

Em cada tipo a cor do pec�olo corresponde a do fruto. As diferen�as
crom�ticas de cada coco podem se vistas claramente nas folhas tenras das
nozes germinando.

Aqui na Esta��o tem essas tr�s variedades procedentes de Araruama;
Estado do Rio de Janeiro *Origem: Singapura*

�Atualmente o coqueiro An�o tem sido cultivado no Estado visando os
trabalhos de melhoramento, hibrida��o e tamb�m por pequenos particulares
que exploram o mercado do coco verde in natura nas praias. Quando fica
maduro � pouco negoci�vel n�o encontrando mercado.

� fortemente atacado por praga; Rhina, Homalinotos, o que acarreta sua
morte precocemente.�

Referencias

BONDAR, G. 1955. A cultura do coqueiro no Brasil. Tipografia Naval,
Salvador Bahia, Brasil.

FERNANDES & SILVA, R. 1939. 0 coqueiro an�o. Editado pelo Minist�rio da
Agricultura Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

PS: Green coconuts: 1925 & 1939-1940..............

[Velaydhan Nair]

Dear Dulce,                       There is  widespead ignorance even among scientists  of the meaning of disease tolerance and resistance.                         Sometimes back around November, 2004, there was a detailed discussion involving several experts in this coconut  group regarding the definition of these terms   .. Once again definitions of these terms are repeated here as follows "Resistance is a state of less disease with immunity representing the extreme. All varieties that fall  in between the extreme susceptibility and immunity are partially resistant and partially susceptible. The designation of a given variety as  resistant depends on the susceptible standard used.   (Kulkarni and Chopra: Textbook on Plantbreeding(1989). Resistance is a heritable trait.                            Tolerance is the capacity of plants to yield well even though they are susceptible.A plant which is attacked to the same degree as other plants but which suffers less damage in terms of yield or quality as a result of their attack is said to be tolerant (Robinson, 1976 and Kulkarni and Chopra 1989).                             Tolerance will not apply to lethal yellowing disease of coconut since the infected palm is killed within 3-9 months with almost no hope of remission  RV Nair Head, Crop Improvement Division, CPCRI Kasaragode, Kerala, India --- On Mon, 6/6/11, Dulce <du...@cpatc.embrapa.br> wrote:

[srinivasan narayanasamy]

Dear all concerned:

     In Plant Pathology Literature - the terminolgies coined such as immunity; resistant (less rsistant, moderately resistant, higly resistant etc.); susceptibility (less susceptible, moderately susceptible, highly susceptible etc.); tolerant.....have great relevance with regard to level of disease and/or  yield level in a given genotype/variety. By and large a genotype/variety is regarded as tolerant to a given disease - if it is able to yield relatively better even though substantially vulnerable to expression of the disease symptoms. It would be interesting to know  more how best such concept could be applicable in the case of  lethal diseases .....such as coconut lethal yellowing? Further interest would be the level of resistance, if any, in such lethal diseases?

Dr. N. Srinivasan

From: Velaydhan Nair <rvnc...@yahoo.com>
To: coc...@googlegroups.com
Sent: Tuesday, 7 June 2011 1:56 PM
Subject: Re: [Coconut:4315] Re: Coconut plantations in Costa Rica/ disease tolerance

Dear Dulce,                       There is  widespead ignorance even among scientists  of the meaning of disease tolerance and resistance.                         Sometimes back around November, 2004, there was a detailed discussion involving several experts in this coconut  group regarding the definition of these terms   .. Once again definitions of these terms are repeated here as follows "Resistance is a state of less disease with immunity representing the extreme. All varieties that fall  in between the extreme susceptibility and immunity are partially resistant and partially susceptible. The designation of a given variety as  resistant depends on the susceptible standard used.   (Kulkarni and Chopra: Textbook on Plantbreeding(1989). Resistance is a heritable trait.                            Tolerance is the capacity of plants to yield well even though they are susceptible.A plant which is attacked to the same degree as other plants but which suffers less damage in terms of yield or quality as a result of their attack is said to be tolerant (Robinson, 1976 and Kulkarni and Chopra 1989).                             Tolerance will not apply to lethal yellowing disease of coconut since the infected palm is killed within 3-9 months with almost no hope of remission  RV Nair Head, Crop Improvement Division, CPCRI

Kasaragode, Kerala, India--- On Mon, 6/6/11, Dulce <du...@cpatc.embrapa.br> wrote:

From: Dulce <du...@cpatc.embrapa.br> Subject: Re: [Coconut:4313] Re: Coconut plantations in Costa Rica To: coc...@googlegroups.com Date: Monday, 6 June, 2011, 4:36 PM

Roland BOURDEIX escreveu:> BGD is NOT tolerant to phytoplasma, this will be so marvelous, but unfortunatly....> > ------------------------------------------------------------------------> **> > Dear Dr Bourdeix,Why the term tolerant is used? In plant pathology a plant considered tolerant is the one that even with the pathogen present still you get some production (at least that what my professors in Purdue and Georgia said in class).................. For a lethal disease the plant is either susceptible or resistant. Please  enlight me how this  concept is applyed to a disease such as coconut lethal yellowing, Regards Dulce Warwick===========================Aviso de confidencialidade:===========================- Esta mensagem da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa), empresa publica federal regida pelo disposto na Lei Federal n. 5.851, de 7 de dezembro de 1972, eh enviada exclusivamente a seu destinatario e pode conter informacoes confidenciais, protegidas por sigilo profissional. Sua utilizacao desautorizada eh ilegal e sujeita o infrator as penas da lei. Se voce a recebeu indevidamente, queira, por gentileza, reenvia-la ao emitente, esclarecendo o equivoco.=====================Confidentiality note:=====================- "This message from Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa), a government company established under Brazilian law (5.851/72), is directed exclusively to its addressee and may contain confidential data, protected under professional secrecy rules. Its unauthorized use is illegal and may subject the transgressor to the law's penalties. If you are not the addressee, please send it back, elucidating the failure".-- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Coconut" group. Having difficulty accessing the group website ? Get help by writing, in confidence, to coconu...@googlegroups.com Getting too many emails? The abridged email option (no more than 1 email per day) gives a summary of new activity each day; the digest email option (approximately 1 email per day) gives up to 25 full new messages bundled into a single email. For more options, go to http://groups.google.com/group/coconut/subscribeTo unsubscribe, send  an email to coconut-u...@googlegroups.com

[Hugh Harries]

Dear Velaydhan

I sympathize with your annoyance over the misuse of the term tolerant instead of resistant but I would like to offer two alternative definitions of tolerance that might help to clarify why that terminology is inappropriate when (mis-)applied to lethal yellowing

1. the capacity of plants to yield anything at all after they are infected;
2. the capacity of plants to live indefinitely while showing symptoms.

Work on LY in Jamaica in the 1970s (if memory serves) showed that the time between infection and the appearance of symptoms (the incubation period)  is something like 11 months.

During that period the palms look healthy and their yield and fruit set appear normal. By definition 1 their tolerance would be 11 months give or take any seasonal variation.

By definition 2 the next 3-6 month (from the appearance of the first symptoms to the death of the palm) do not represent tolerance because the early flower blackening and nut fall symptoms make the palm unfruitful.

Natural symptom remission was detected on a small number of palms in Jamaica and artificial symptom remission is possible by tetracycline therapy (but maybe not to the extent of totally eliminating the phytoplasma).

What needs to be demonstrated is whether an infected coconut palm can remain symptomless for more than 11 months - or indefinitely.

Perhaps the participants at the upcoming workshop in Sri Lanka could discuss the use of modern in-field analysis methods, regularly applied to a statistically representative sample of palms in an area of an active LY epidemic?

It might be possible - if any generous sponsor would finance the effort
  
Hugh