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[Destini Armstrong]

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It helps isolate potentially malicious documents, reducing possible attack vectors. For example, it prevents a malicious website on the Internet from running JS in a browser to read data from a third-party webmail service (which the user is signed into) or a company intranet (which is protected from direct access by the attacker by not having a public IP address) and relaying that data to the attacker.

For example, about:blank is often used as a URL of new, empty popup windows into which the parent script writes content (e.g. via the Window.open() mechanism). If this popup also contains JavaScript, that script would inherit the same origin as the script that created it.

Modern browsers usually treat the origin of files loaded using the file:/// schema as opaque origins. What this means is that if a file includes other files from the same folder (say), they are not assumed to come from the same origin, and may trigger CORS errors.

Note that the URL specification states that the origin of files is implementation-dependent, and some browsers may treat files in the same directory or subdirectory as same-origin even though this has security implications.

Warning: The approach described here (using the document.domain setter) is deprecated because it undermines the security protections provided by the same origin policy, and complicates the origin model in browsers, leading to interoperability problems and security bugs.

A page may change its own origin, with some limitations. A script can set the value of document.domain to its current domain or a superdomain of its current domain. If set to a superdomain of the current domain, the shorter superdomain is used for same-origin checks.

Afterward, the page can pass the same-origin check with (assuming sets its document.domain to "company.com" to indicate that it wishes to allow that - see document.domain for more). However, company.com could not set document.domain to othercompany.com, since that is not a superdomain of company.com.

The port number is checked separately by the browser. Any call to document.domain, including document.domain = document.domain, causes the port number to be overwritten with null. Therefore, one cannot make company.com:8080 talk to company.com by only setting document.domain = "company.com" in the first. It has to be set in both so their port numbers are both null.

The mechanism has some limitations. For example, it will throw a "SecurityError" DOMException if the document-domain Permissions-Policy is enabled or the document is in a sandboxed , and changing the origin in this way does not affect the origin checks used by many Web APIs (e.g. localStorage, indexedDB, BroadcastChannel, SharedWorker). A more exhaustive list of failure cases can be found in Document.domain > Failures.

Note: When using document.domain to allow a subdomain to access its parent, you need to set document.domain to the same value in both the parent domain and the subdomain. This is necessary even if doing so is setting the parent domain back to its original value. Failure to do this may result in permission errors.

JavaScript APIs like iframe.contentWindow, window.parent, window.open, and window.opener allow documents to directly reference each other. When two documents do not have the same origin, these references provide very limited access to Window and Location objects, as described in the next two sections.

Access to data stored in the browser such as Web Storage and IndexedDB are separated by origin. Each origin gets its own separate storage, and JavaScript in one origin cannot read from or write to the storage belonging to another origin.

Cookies use a separate definition of origins. A page can set a cookie for its own domain or any parent domain, as long as the parent domain is not a public suffix. Firefox and Chrome use the Public Suffix List to determine if a domain is a public suffix. When you set a cookie, you can limit its availability using the Domain, Path, Secure, and HttpOnly flags. When you read a cookie, you cannot see from where it was set. Even if you use only secure https connections, any cookie you see may have been set using an insecure connection.

\n Modern browsers usually treat the origin of files loaded using the file:/// schema as opaque origins.\n What this means is that if a file includes other files from the same folder (say), they are not assumed to come from the same origin, and may trigger CORS errors.\n

Afterward, the page can pass the same-origin check with (assuming sets its document.domain to \"company.com\" to indicate that it wishes to allow that - see document.domain for more). However, company.com could not set document.domain to othercompany.com, since that is not a superdomain of company.com.

The port number is checked separately by the browser. Any call to document.domain, including document.domain = document.domain, causes the port number to be overwritten with null. Therefore, one cannot make company.com:8080 talk to company.com by only setting document.domain = \"company.com\" in the first. It has to be set in both so their port numbers are both null.

The mechanism has some limitations. For example, it will throw a \"SecurityError\" DOMException if the document-domain Permissions-Policy is enabled or the document is in a sandboxed , and changing the origin in this way does not affect the origin checks used by many Web APIs (e.g. localStorage, indexedDB, BroadcastChannel, SharedWorker). A more exhaustive list of failure cases can be found in Document.domain > Failures.

In computing, the same-origin policy (SOP) is a concept in the web application security model. Under the policy, a web browser permits scripts contained in a first web page to access data in a second web page, but only if both web pages have the same origin. An origin is defined as a combination of URI scheme, host name, and port number. This policy prevents a malicious script on one page from obtaining access to sensitive data on another web page through that page's (DOM).

This mechanism bears a particular significance for modern web applications that extensively depend on HTTPScookies to maintain authenticated user sessions, as servers act based on the HTTP cookie information to reveal sensitive information or take state-changing actions. A strict separation between content provided by unrelated sites must be maintained on the client-side to prevent the loss of data confidentiality or integrity.

The same-origin policy applies only to scripts. This means that resources such as images, CSS, and dynamically-loaded scripts can be accessed across origins via the corresponding HTML tags (with fonts being a notable exception). Attacks take advantage of the fact that the same origin policy does not apply to HTML tags.

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