Beautyin the Age of Empire: Japan, Egypt, and the Global History of Aesthetic Education. Columbia Studies in International and Global History. Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019
When modern primary schools were first founded in Japan and Egypt in the 1870s, they did not teach art. Yet by the middle of the twentieth century, art education was a permanent part of Japanese and Egyptian primary schooling. Both countries taught music and drawing, and wartime Japan also taught calligraphy. Why did art education become a core feature of schooling in societies as distant as Japan and Egypt, and how is aesthetics entangled with nationalism, colonialism, and empire?
Beauty in the Age of Empire is a global history of aesthetic education focused on how Western practices were adopted, transformed, and repurposed in Egypt and Japan. Raja Adal uncovers the emergence of aesthetic education in modern schools and its role in making a broad spectrum of ideologies from fascism to humanism attractive. With aesthetics, educators sought to enchant children with sounds and sights, using their ears and eyes to make ideologies into objects of desire. Spanning multiple languages and continents, and engaging with the histories of nationalism, art, education, and transnational exchanges, Beauty in the Age of Empire offers a strikingly original account of the rise of aesthetics in modern schools and the modern world. It shows that, while aesthetics is important to all societies, it was all the more important for those countries on the receiving end of Western expansion, which could not claim to be wealthier or more powerful than Western empires, only more beautiful.
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The eldest was more somber and able to concentrate on his work. He compared what was happening in Israel to an action film. But, alas, in a movie when the shooting is over the actors change costumes and the dead arise brushing off their clothes. Not so here. Every death of an Israeli or Palestinian is one too many, and so far at least nine hundred Israelis and over 750 Gazans have perished, many of them civilians, including children.
The plumber was a decade and a half younger than me. Like me he has lived through several wars and uprisings. Yet we both agreed that this latest audacious attack was unlike anything we have seen previously. It proves both that no Israeli fortification will keep oppressed Palestinians at bay forever, and that Israelis will never be safe as long as they keep 2.3 million humans locked in an area of 140 square miles and the population of the West Bank confined in unconnected enclaves surrounded by Jewish settlements. The tragedy is that, in the absence of any real political opposition, the present right-wing government will heed neither of these obvious conclusions.
There were other causes for despair. The siege of Gaza seemed interminable, and the 4,499 Palestinian prisoners in Israeli prisons have seen the minister of national security, Itamar Ben-Gvir, work to deplete their few, hard-won rights. Looming large in the minds of most Palestinian believers, too, was the slow but persistent effort by fanatic Israelis to carry out their rituals in the Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, the third holiest site in Islam, making us feel that there was nothing sacred left that we could claim as our own. It was this development that gave the Hamas attack its name: Aqsa Flood.
"I'm grateful to Leader Jeffries for appointing me to serve as Ranking Member on the House Select Committee on Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party," said Congressman Krishnamoorthi. "The Chinese Communist Party poses serious economic and security threats to the United States and to democracy and prosperity across the globe, illustrated by its threats against Taiwan's democracy, its weaponization of TikTok, and its theft of hundreds of billions of dollars' worth of American intellectual property. I look forward to working with my colleagues in both parties on this committee to counteract the CCP's escalating aggression and ensure that our nation is prepared to overcome the economic and security challenges that the CCP presents to our country."
"That said, at a time when anti-Asian hate and violence are on the rise, it's essential that this committee focuses its vital work on protecting all Americans from the threat posed by the CCP, while avoiding dangerous rhetoric that fuels the types of xenophobia that have endangered members of the Asian American and Pacific Islander community. Chairman Gallagher has repeatedly demonstrated his singular focus on the committee's critical undertaking of readying the United States for all the challenges posed by the Chinese Communist Party, and I look forward to working with him and our colleagues from both parties in meeting that responsibility on behalf of all Americans."
Congressman Krishnamoorthi, who is also a senior member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, is the lead Democrat on the Averting the National Threat of Internet Surveillance, Oppressive Censorship and Influence, and Algorithmic Learning by the Chinese Communist Party Act (ANTI-SOCIAL CCP Act), which protects Americans by blocking and prohibiting all transactions from any social media company in, or under the influence of, the People's Republic of China (PRC) and several other foreign adversaries. In the 117th Congress, he led bipartisan legislation that was signed into law, called the Gathering and Reporting Assessments Yielding Zero Overlooked Nefarious Efforts (GRAY ZONE) Act, which requires the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) to produce a National Intelligence Estimate on different aspects of gray zone activities - actions that fall between ordinary statecraft and open warfare - that the PRC employs. Congressman Krishnamoorthi was also the lead Democrat on the bipartisan Transparency for Malign Chinese Investments in Global Port Infrastructure Act, which requires the DNI to study and report to Congress information related to Chinese global investments in port infrastructure.
To be able to travel is a privilege. I chose to study abroad in order to gain a deeper understanding of the global community and grow in my capabilities as an active citizen. After graduation and throughout my career, I hope to be able to continue my travels and use my prospective education to provide health services to diverse communities across the globe. Studying abroad provided me with the opportunity to gain a more intimate perspective on life outside the United States, and the Botswana program specifically sought to explore international healthcare and the HIV/AIDS epidemic as it impacts the local population. Studying abroad allowed me to not only evolve my education, but also breach my walls of comfort.
My time in Botswana taught me to truly love nature and wildlife. Words cannot do justice to the beauty of watching the sun rise and set across the desert, as silhouettes of elephants, hippos, and giraffes stroked the horizon. I have never been an outdoorsy person but studying abroad allowed me to embrace living a life outside four walls and grow to appreciate being a member of the large organic, natural world.
I was incredibly surprised by the strong degree to which locals in Botswana wanted us, as American students, to share stories of our experience in Africa upon our return home. The Botswana community requested that we return to America ready to educate our peers on Africa, as well as the triumphs of Botswana. The people of Botswana are painfully aware of how stories of their successes and strides are masked by stereotypes and ignorance.
Our responsibilities as global citizens became evident when we traveled six hours into the heart of the desert to visit the isolated Khwai community. Although the community faces challenges of health care and transportation due to the remoteness of the village, the chief of the Khwai village illuminated us to the progress of the community in establishing greater access to education. Leaders of the Khwai community hoped that we would travel back to America ready to share the unique narrative of the Khwai people. The fact that locals hoped that we would not forget Botswana and all that we learned while living there allowed me to better the understand the impact of being a global citizen. I did not expect to feel an immense responsibility to become a more active member of the global community upon my return, but my time in Botswana brought to light the importance of being an ally to communities far and wide.
When I was 10 years old, I finally learned what Raja signified. When Odia girls in the village hit puberty, they must throw away the clothes they first bled in. Take a ritual bath and be confined to a room for three days. Wear kajal so no one can be hurt from their nazar. They must not touch or even look at men until their second ritual bath on the fourth day. They cannot go into the puja room or the kitchen. These rules ease after the first time. In Odisha, unlike other parts of the country, women are only separated from the rest of the family during their first period but the stigma stays. The feeling of impurity never leaves you.
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