ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืืช ืืฉ"ืค

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Uri Milshtain

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Feb 17, 2017, 8:53:35โ€ฏAM2/17/17
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ืžืฆโ€ื‘ ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืฉโ€ืค ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจื’ืžืชื™ ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืœืขื–ืจ.

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ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ื

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ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื

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ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช: ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ ื•ื”ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™

ืื™ืš ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช "ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื" ื•ื”ืกื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื ื’ื“ ืืจื”"ื‘.

"ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื" ื”ื•ื ืื—ื™ื–ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ืง ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืžื™ื—ืื™ ืคืฆ'ืคื”, ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืžืื•ืžื” ืืœื ืื—ื™ื–ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.

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ืจืืฉ ืืฉ"ืฃ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช, ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื’"ื‘, ื•ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ

ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ "ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™" ืคื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื”. ืฉื ืขืฆื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขโ€ื™ ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืกืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964 ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ, "ืืฉ"ืฃ". ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื”ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™" ื›ืžื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ "ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ" ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืืžื ืช ืืฉ"ืฃ ื‘- 1964, ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ื”ืืžื ื” ืื•ืฉืจื” ืข"ื™ 422 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื’"ื‘.

ืœืžื” ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”? ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -1960 ื• -1970 ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ": ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -70 "ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืืจืžื ื™ื”" ืฉื”ืคืฆื™ืฆื• ืืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื• "ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืฆื™ืฆื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื." ืื‘ืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ, ื”ื™ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื.

ื›ืชื‘ ืคืฆ'ืคื” (1)

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืืฉ"ืฃ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืชื ื” ืฉืœ ืื’ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ืืš ืขืจืคืืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ, ื•ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื–ื”; ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื’"ื‘ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื›ื•ื—ื, ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืจืฉื”, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืงืช ื ืฉืง, ื”ื“ืจื›ื”, ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.

ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืฆ'ืคื”, ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื•ื•ืกื™ืœื™ ืกืžื•ื™ืœื ืงื•, ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืืงื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืกื•ืœื“ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืจืคืืช ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืฉ"ืค, ื”ื ื™ ื—ืกืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื” ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ ืื™ (ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื’"ื‘)

ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืืžื ืช ืืฉ"ืฃ ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื”ืขื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™" ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ 1845. ืฆ'ืื•ืฉืกืงื•, ื”ืจื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™,ย  ืขื•ื“ื“, ื“ื—ืฃ ื•ืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืขืจืคืืช ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช "ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™" ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืžื“ื•ืข? ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื“ืชื™ ืœืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืข ืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื ืœืžืขืจื‘. ืข"ื™ ืžื™ืงื“ื• ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื™ืžืช ืข"ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”. ืืœื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืกืคืจื ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื›ืœ ืงืจืงืข ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืข"ื™ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืฉ"ืค ื›ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืื™ื ืœืžืขื˜ ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขื–ื”. (ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช 1967, ื•ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขื–ื”, ื”ื•ืกืจื•ย  ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”). ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื›ืื™ื.

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ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื” ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื“ืชื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1929, ื‘ื• ื”ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื‘ 69 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื—ืื’โ€™ ืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™, ื—ื‘ืจ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื‘ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชืจืื• ืื™ื–ื” ืคืœื, ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืคืš "ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ". ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืžืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœ "ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช" ืžื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช. ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืš ืžื“ื•ืข, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง "ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช"

ื‘ืกืคืจื•, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” (2): ื“ื•ื“ ืžืื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ ืžื ืกื— ื–ืืช ื›ืš

"ืขืจืคืืช ื ืคืขื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื• ืฆ'ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืกื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื™ืื, ืขืงื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช [ืžืงื• ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื”] ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื ืกื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืœืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•, ื’ื ืจืœ ื’ื™ืืค ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœืขืจืคืืช ื•ืกื’ื ื™ื• ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืืค ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืืš ืขืžื•ืงื” : ืืฉ"ืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืกืชื™ืจื” ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ื”ืกื—ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช, ืข"ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื“ืจืช ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช.

"ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืชืคื ื• ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ื›ืš ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ื›ื"

ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืขืฆื•ืช ืžื’ื ืจืœ ื’ื™ืืค, ืขืจืคืืช ืงื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื™ื–ื™ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื” (1958-1962): "ืชื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ืื• ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื; ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ืชืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื›ืžืื‘ืง ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ืชื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ื“ืจื“ื•ื’. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื ื•ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืืœื ื’ื ืžื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืขื•ืœืžื™.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ืย  ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืฉืžื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืงื’"ื‘ ืฉื ืืช ืขืจืคืืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืจืขื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืืกื˜ืจ ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื”: ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืฆ'ืื•ืฉืกืงื•, ื ืฉื™ื-ืœื›ืœ-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”.

ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืฆ'ืื•ืฉืกืงื• ืื™ืจื— ืืช ืขืจืคืืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ืขืฆื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืืค, ื™ื–ื™ื“, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™. "ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ" ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืืช ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื—ืื™ ืคืฆ'ืคื”, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™, ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืกื•ืชื•. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ืคืฆ'ืคื” ืชื™ืขื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ืขืจืคืืช ืžื—ื” ื ื’ื“ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืื•ืฉืกืงื• ืฉืืฉ"ืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืฆื‘ื ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืขืžืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืชืงืŸ ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืขืžื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื: ืขืจืคืืช ืจืง ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ืื ื›ื™, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืื•ืฉืกืงื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืช ืžืงื™ืื•ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื˜ืžืขื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืคื™ืชื— ืขืจืคืืช ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืœืกื™ื ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ืข"ื™ ืžืขืฆืžื” ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืช. ืžื”ืคืš ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืฆ'ืคื”, ื‘ืจื–ื ื™ื™ื‘, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืจื˜ืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœืขืจืคืืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ืกื™ืช ืืช ืงืจื˜ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืขืจืคืืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ืจืขื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืชื”ื™ืœื”. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”. ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื•ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ. ืฆ'ืื•ืฉืกืงื• ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืจืคืืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘. ืขื‘ืืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื.

ื“ื•ื•ื— ืฉื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ื–ืœื™, ืจืืฉ ื” ืกื™ ืื™ื™ ืื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉืคืฆ'ืคื” ืื“ื ืืžื™ืŸ. ื”ื“ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคืฆ'ืคื” ืื•ืฉืจืจ ื’ื ืข"ื™ ื–ื•ื”ื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืืฉ"ืค. ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977, ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื›ื–ื” ื› "ื”ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™", ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื™ืžื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช - ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื—ืงื•, ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช. ื’ื ื—ืืคื– ืืกื“ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ื”"ืขื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™"; ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ 1964 ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื” ืงืจืื• ืœืขืฆืžื "ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืจื‘ืชื™".

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื ื”ื ื™ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืชื•ืžืื ื™ืช ืืš ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืœืฆื“ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ื ื›ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื.

ื–ื”ื• ืžืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืฆ'ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื• (3)

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืงืจืžืœื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืจื”"ื‘. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืงื’"ื‘, ื™ื•ืจื™ ืื ื“ืจื•ืคื•ื‘, ืืžืจ ืœื™ (ืคืฆ'ืคื”) ื›ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ ื ื–ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžืืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืฉื ืื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™, ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืจื—ืฅ ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช / ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.

"ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื ื“ืจื•ืคื•ื‘, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืœื—ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ ื‘ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืคื— ื–ืŸ ืืจืกื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืืช ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช-ืœื ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืžื•ืงื”. ืœืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื˜ื™ืขื” ืœืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช , ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ืืช ื”ืืกืคืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™, ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืช ืœื™ืขื“ื™ ืฉื™ื".

ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืคืฆ'ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื• (3)

ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -1970, ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ืงื’"ื‘, ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช [ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™] ืฉืœื™, ื”ื“ื™ ืื™ ืื™ - ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” - ืœืกืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœืืชืจ ืคืขื™ืœื™ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืืกืœืืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืืžืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื“ื™ืกืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื•ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช "ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”" ืฉืœื ื•. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื ืฉื ืื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื ื™ืช ืข"ื™ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืœืชื™ืขื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื” ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ ืฉืœื™, ืฉื’ืจ ื› -500 ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืกืœืืžื™ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื’ืกื” ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืžืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978 ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœื’ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื—ื” ื› -4,000 ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืืกืœืืžื™.

ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -1970 ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ ืฆืืจื™, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœื• . ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืคืฆื ื• "ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื" ืžืคื•ื‘ืจืง ืžื”ืงื’"ื‘ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืžืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.

ืื ื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช. ืงืฉื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกื™ื’. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืช ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืื•ื™ื‘ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกืœืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.

ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืฆ'ืคื”, ืื•ืคืงื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืชื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืคืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื™ื™ื’' (4)

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื’ืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ืื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.

ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืจื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืœื”ืœ"ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช:

ย 

[1]ย  William F. Jasper, "The Real Terror Paymasters," The New American, September 3, 2007,
http://209.157.64.200/focus/news/1914334/posts.

[2]ย  David Meir-Levi, History Upside Down (Encounter Books, 20Dec07, ISBN-10: 1594031924).

[3] T Pacepa, "Russian Footprints" National Review Online, August 24, 2006
http://article.nationalreview.com/289014/russian-footprints/ion-mihai-pacepa.

[4]ย  The Front Page Magazine interview conducted by Jamie Glazov is archived at http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=13975

See also:
http://atlasshrugs2000.typepad.com/atlas_shrugs/2007/08/how-the-kgb-cre.html

Pacepaโ€™s book "Red Horizons" was published here and abroad with varying subtitles. In the United States, "Red Horizons" was subtitled: "The True Story of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescuโ€™s Crimes, Lifestyle, and Corruption." In foreign editions, the subtitles selected were "Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief" and "Extraordinary Memoirs of a Communist Spy Chief."

*Wallace Edward Brand is a retired lawyer living in Virginia. This article is reprinted with the permission of the author.

Read more:
Soviet Russia: Creators of the PLO and the Palestinian Peopleย http://americasurvival.org/2014/07/soviet-russia-creators-of-the-plo-and-the-palestinian-people.html#ixzz4YpfU8Dzp

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