List Of Programming Languages Pdf Download
Olegario Benford
This is an index to notable programming languages, in current or historical use. Dialects of BASIC, esoteric programming languages, and markup languages are not included. A programming language does not need to be imperative or Turing-complete, but must be executable and so does not include markup languages such as HTML or XML, but does include domain-specific languages such as SQL and its dialects.
There are many - maybe too many - programming languages to choose from. One of the most effective ways to assess their popularity is by the number of search queries for each language, across the web. The TIOBE Index is the definitive list of programming languages, ranked in order of search volume popularity as an indication of prominence and public interest. This article lists the top 40 languages on that list, with a brief overview and their pros, cons, and hiring prospects.
Python is a relatively new programming language, first introduced in 1989, that has surged in popularity with the emergence of new fields of application. It is an interpreted language that supports automatic memory management and object-oriented programming. It heavily prioritizes developer experience.
First introduced in 1972, C is well-established and enduring. Until Java was introduced, C was the dominant high-level language. The first versions of Unix, written in Assembly language, were ported to C. It was then used in the development of other early operating systems, including IBM System/370.
C has a long history of development on older systems with slower processors and little memory. Programs written in C had to be very efficient, so C has a reputation for high performance in cases where speed matters.
C is still very popular due to its use in systems development, including operating systems, embedded devices, and as firmware. The C standard library has been ported to many platforms, so it is viable in many use cases. However, the low-level systems programming it is typically used for is a more specialized skill than general application programming. This explains why C tends to have relatively few job openings as compared to other languages in the top 10.
C++ occupies a similar area in the market to C, including systems programming and low-level hardware development. Over the years, the C++ standard libraries and specifications have been expanded considerably, leading to criticism that it has become overcomplicated and difficult to learn.
C# was developed and introduced by Microsoft in 2000, along with the overall .NET framework. Syntactically, C# is very similar to Java and C/C++. It is a compiled, object-oriented language that compiles to .NET Intermediate Language. Originally, C# was used for Microsoft-focused development of Windows Forms and web development with ASP.NET. The .NET ecosystem has evolved recently with the introduction of the .NET Standard and .NET Core. These new frameworks and standards are cross-platform, running on Windows, Linux, and Mac.
Since its first introduction, JavaScript support has been added to all major web browsers. JavaScript frameworks including React, Angular, and Vue offer a Model-View-Controller application development paradigm, running entirely in the browser. JavaScript now supports the visual, browser-run elements of most modern web applications, which is why most Real User Monitoring tools cater for JavaScript.
JavaScript can also be combined with HTML to make cross-platform mobile applications. NodeJS is a web server that runs JavaScript on the server side. NodeJS applications are written entirely in JavaScript.
SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is used to query and modify data in a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS.) Vendor-specific implementations, such as PL/SQL (Oracle) and T-SQL (Microsoft) offer product-specific features.
The intent of a line of code written in C or Ruby is relatively easy to understand, just by reading it. Assembly, by contrast, is very difficult to understand without a careful reading of the entire program. Each operation, including math operations and moving data in and out of registers, is a complete statement. This means that it takes a lot more assembly code than C code to do the same amount of work.
The programming language R is primarily used by statisticians and researchers to perform statistical analysis of datasets. Demographers, insurance actuaries, and other jobs focused on statistics use R. Because of these practical fields of application, its code mass is considerable. As with MATLAB, most of the knowledge needed to work with R relates to statistics. R programmers combine statistics knowledge with the essentials of programming and software development.
Go (also known as Golang) is a relatively new kid on the block. It was introduced by two Google engineers in 2009. Go syntax borrows heavily from C and Java. The design goals for Go included cross-platform compatibility, simplicity, and support for modern processors.
Visual Basic (VB) was introduced by Microsoft as a variant of the BASIC programming language. It is an event-driven language and Integrated Development Environment, primarily used to develop Windows applications. VB was designed to be easy to learn and to rapidly produce usable software. Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is embedded in older versions of Microsoft Office applications, such as Access. VBA was used to provide programmatic manipulation of Office documents. Access databases used VBA to compose mini-applications.
Microsoft deprecated Visual Basic 6.0, the last version of Visual Basic, in 2008. While much code remains in the wild, it is no longer supported and jobs that require Visual Basic are dwindling. It is likely that any remaining jobs are focused on maintenance and/or porting to a modern platform.
Apple introduced Swift in 2014 as a modern alternative to Objective-C. Its goals were to be easier to debug than Objective-C. Swift syntax is easier to read, and requires less code to do the same amount of work. However, poor version compatibility introduced with new versions may have stunted its adoption.
Delphi is a programming language and Integrated Developer Environment (IDE) for the Object Pascal language. Modern Object Pascal is an object-oriented, multi-paradigm derivative of procedurally oriented Pascal. Pascal was originally intended as a teaching tool, appeared in 1970.
Perl is fairly easy to learn, but it has its detractors. The development of Perl was somewhat haphazard, leading to criticism that it is not well-organized. This has given Perl a reputation for being less than robust.
Objective-C is a general purpose, compiled, object-oriented language. Its syntax is derived from Smalltalk. Until 2014, when Apple introduced Swift, it was the primary language used by Apple to develop applications for MacOS and iOS.
Rust is a relatively new and powerful language that is popular for systems programming. Its design goals include safety, reliability, and speed. These features come at the cost of complexity and a high learning curve.
Lua was developed in Brazil, during a time when trade policies made it prohibitively expensive to purchase licensed software from elsewhere in the world. It was designed to be portable and easy to learn for non-technical users. Lua has become popular among novice game developers as a scripting language.
PL/SQL is the vendor-specific implementation of the SQL language. The syntax and features of PL/SQL align with features of Oracle databases. All dialects of SQL are moderately difficult to learn. Simple data querying and updating is fairly easy to learn. Joins, aggregation, and advanced concepts such as cursors require more understanding of database theory.
Transact-SQL (T-SQL) is a proprietary programming language developed by Microsoft for managing and querying data in Microsoft SQL Server and Azure SQL Database. It is an extension of the ANSI SQL standard and is used to create and modify database objects, insert and update data, and query and analyze data.
It integrates with other Microsoft technologies like Visual Studio and .NET, making it easier to build applications that interact with a SQL Server database. It may have a steep learning curve for users who are not familiar with SQL or database concepts.
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I have received a lot of questions why Fortran entered the top 10 again after more than 20 years. The TIOBE index just publishes what has been measured. There are for instance more than 1,000 hits for "Fortran programming" on Amazon, which is the leading company in books. New cool languages such as Kotlin and Rust, barely hit 300 books for the same search query. So, what is going on? First of all, the Fortran language is still evolving since its inception in 1957. Less than half a year ago, the new ISO Fortran 2023 definition was published.
The main reason for Fortran's resurrection is the growing importance of numerical/mathematical computing. Despite lots of competitors in this field, Fortran has its reason for existence. Let's briefly check the competition out. Python: choice number one, but slow, MATLAB: very easy to use for mathematical computation but it comes with expensive licenses, C/C++: mainstream and fast, but they have no native mathematical computation support, R: very similar to Python, but less popular and slow, Julia: the rising new kid on the block, but not mature yet. And in this jungle of languages, Fortran appears to be fast, having native mathematical computation support, mature, and free of charge. Silently, slowly but surely, Fortran gains ground. It is surprising but undeniable. --Paul Jansen CEO TIOBE Software
The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of programming languages. The index is updated once a month. The ratings are based on the number of skilled engineers world-wide, courses and third party vendors. Popular web sitesGoogle, Amazon, Wikipedia, Bing and more than 20 others are used to calculate the ratings.It is important to note that the TIOBE index is not about the best programming language or the languagein which most lines of code have been written.
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