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The kushti[a] (/ˈkuːʃtiː/) also known as kosti, kusti and kustig is the sacred girdle worn by invested Zoroastrians around their waists. Along with the sedreh, the kushti is part of the ritual dress of the Zoroastrians.[1][2]
The kushti is worn wound three times around the waist. It is tied twice in a double knot in the front and back, the ends of the kushti hanging on the back. The kushti is made of 72 fine, white and woolen threads, which represent the 72 chapters of the Yasna, the primary liturgical collection of texts of the Avesta.[5] The kushti also has 3 tassels, each with 24 threads, at each end. These 24 threads indicate the 24 chapters of the Visperad, and the sum of all tassels, which is six, represents the six gahambars (feasts).[6]
In both Iran and India, the kushti is usually produced by women from priestly duties. It has a dual function of a religious duty but also a necessity to augment the modest income of Zoroastrian clergy. Occasionally kustis, were woven by priests (mobads) themselves, though this is now exceedingly uncommon. Since the 1920s, non-priestly (behdin) Zoroastrian women in Yazd province in Iran, were trained in the procedure of weaving the kushti.[4]
Keeping with Zoroastrian philosophy exalting happiness, the process of weaving the kushti is a joyous activity during which the women sing songs, laugh and share stories, both religious and secular.[4]
The ritual of untying and tying the kushti is performed several times a day and is called nirang-i kushti.[8] During this ritual, the individual must remain standing in one spot, and may not speak to anyone. If the individual speaks, the ritual must be started again from the beginning.[citation needed]
Owing to its religious significance, the kushti must be worn every day of a Zoroastrian's life. The kushti must be ritually untied and retied with specific prayers following the pādyāb purificatory ablution. This ceremony, known as the pādyāb-kusti, entails "making new the holy cord" (Pers. košti nav kardan) or "tying the holy cord" (Guj. kustī bastan).[4]
The devotee should look to the east from dawn to midday and west until sunset, (toward the sun) whilst untying and tying the kushti. They can face an oil lamp, a fire, the moon, or stars at nighttime. When there is no source of light, they may face south, as it is believed to be the direction of Ahura Mazda's celestial home. Three sections make up the prayers that are recited during the ritual.[4]
Pehlwani,[1] also known as Kushti, is a form of wrestling contested in the Indian subcontinent. It was developed in the Mughal Empire by combining Persian Koshti pahlevani with influences from native Indian Malla-yuddha.[2][3] The words pehlwani and kushti derive from the Persian terms pahlavani (heroic) and koshti (wrestling, lit. killing) respectively, meaning Heroic wrestling. A practitioner of this sport is referred to as a pehlwan (Persian word for hero) while teachers are known as ustad (Persian word for teacher or master).[3]
Babur, the first Mughal emperor, was a wrestler himself and could reportedly run very fast for a long distance while holding a man under each arm. Mughal-era wrestlers sometimes even wore bagh naka on one hand, in a variation called naki ka kushti or "claw wrestling".
During the late 17th century, Ramadasa travelled the country encouraging Hindus to be physically active in homage to the great god Hanuman. Maratha rulers supported Kushti by offering large sums of prize money for tournament champions. It was said that every Maratha boy at the time could wrestle and even women took up the sport. During the colonial period, local princes sustained the popularity of kushti by hosting matches and competitions. Wrestling was the favourite spectator sport of the Rajputs, and were said to look forward to tournaments "with great anxiety". Every Rajput prince or chief had a number of wrestling champions to compete for his entertainment. The greatest wrestling centres were said to be Uttar Pradesh and the Panjab.
Pehlwans who compete in wrestling nowadays are also known to cross train in the grappling aspects of judo and jujutsu. Legendary wrestlers from the bygone era like Karl Gotch have made tours to India to learn kushti and further hone their skills. Karl Gotch was even gifted a pair of mugdar (heavy wooden clubs used for building the arm and shoulder muscles by South Asian wrestlers). The conditioning exercises of pehlwani have been incorporated into many of the conditioning aspects of both catch wrestling and shoot wrestling, along with their derivative systems.
It has been said that most of the moves found in the wrestling forms of other countries are present in kushti, and some are unique to the Indian subcontinent. These are primarily locks, throws, pins, and submission holds. Unlike its ancient ancestor malla-yuddha, kushti does not permit strikes or kicks during a match. Among the most favoured manoeuvres are the dhobi paat (shoulder throw) and the kasauta (strangle pin). Other moves include the baharli, dhak, machli gota and the multani.
Kushti is a traditional form of Indian wrestling established centuries ago in Persia. In vogue particularly during the 16th-century Mughal era, this martial art continues to be practiced today. Indeed, kushti is more than traditional Indian wrestling: it is a way of life, perpetuating a tradition where every encounter serves as a spiritual quest. More than a sport, it is a lifestyle that requires the rigorous discipline of all martial arts.
For long periods (between 6-12 months), wrestlers in training dedicate their bodies and souls to the practice of kushti. Living at the akhara, training begins with mastering self-control and learning to respect others. The wrestlers are bound by extremely demanding regimens: some will train 365 days a year, even in the summer when temperatures reach 40. Up at 5 am, they will work out till 8 or 9. They break until 4 in the afternoon, when for the next two hours the skirmishes in the arena start up again. At the end of the day, wrestlers rest against the walls of the arena covering their heads and bodies with earth to soak up any perspiration and avoid catching colds. This relaxation ceremony is completed with massages to soothe tired muscles and demonstrate mutual respect. These massages, which require close contact between the men, create an atmosphere of social unity. Finally, a cold shower outside, with a simple hose or bucket over the head, signals that training is over.
Today, the practice of kushti is in decline in India as youths are drawn away from traditional practices to global sports like football and cricket. Kolhapur and Varanasi are some of the few cities where the sport remains popular and where during the season, competitions are frequently organized.
Abdar, 28, is unmarried, like most kushti men. The sport demands single-minded dedication from the wrestlers as well as their families, nearly all of whom are farmers, investing precious hundreds of dollars a month into food and travel costs for their athletes.
Most of the taleems of Kolhapur were constructed in that era, their low, crumbling brick facades now obscured by cellphone shops and multistory apartments. Lately, traditional kushti is being eclipsed, too, by the international form of competitive wrestling, which takes place on a mat instead of dirt.
The mat holds the prospect of international success, but most men at the taleems prefer kushti because opponents move more slowly in the clay. The local tournaments that bring prestige to a Kolhapuri pehelwan, or wrestler, are nearly all contested on clay.
i was introduced to several kushti wrestlers by a friend during a trip to mysore, india in the winter of 2012 and was invited to attend and photograph their daily afternoon practice sessions. kushti is india's traditional form of wrestling, a 3000-year-old sport which is still widely practiced throughout the country and can draw as many as 20,000 spectators to its matches. elite wrestlers live under strict rules of celibacy, consume a prescribed diet and are forbidden to drink and smoke. the grueling, daily practice takes place in a pit filled with soil which is first screened for impurities, stones and other abrasive objects and then treated with ghee (clarified butter), water and ayurvedic oils. each day, hindu prayers or pujas are conducted in the pit which is revered by the wrestlers and treated like a temple. practice starts with a regimen of calistenics, pushups and weight lifting and the wrestlers are then paired for matches by their guru (teacher/coach). the men rub their faces and bodies with the red dirt which is considered a spiritual blessing and also improves the grip throughout the bouts. it is each wrestler's duty to manually plow over the entire pit once during practice in order to soften up the soil again. this can be as physically challenging as the practice itself. the hindu monkey god hanuman is the patron saint of kushti wrestling, representing incomparable strength, virtue and the destruction of evil. unfortunately, this beautiful tradition is gradually being marginalized due to the indian government's pressure on the kushti akharas (schools) to abandon their old ways and embrace international wrestling standards in order to win medals at the olympic games.
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