Fold Number Meaning

[John]

Foldnumber refers to how many double folds that are required to cause rupture of a paper test piece under standardized conditions. Fold number is defined in ISO 5626:1993 as the antilogarithm of the mean folding endurance:[1]

In the introduction of ISO 5626:1993 it is emphasized that fold number, as defined in that very International Standard, does not equal the mean number of double folds observed. The latter is however still the definition used in some countries.[2] If the numerical value of the folding endurance is not rounded off, these will however be equal.

In the former Swedish standard SS 152005 ("Pappersordlista") from 1992, with paper related terms defined in Swedish and English, fold number is explained as "the number of double folds which a test strip withstands under specified conditions before a break occurs in the strip"; that is, not the antilogarithm of the mean folding endurance.

Jejunoileal fold pattern reversal (a.k.a. jejunization of the ileum) is one of the signs of celiac disease, and is seen on small bowel follow-through studies, CT and MRI 1-4. The pattern is one of increased number of ileal folds and reduced number of jejunal folds 1,2, and is considered positive when there are more ileal than jejunal folds over a 5 cm distance 3.

Extensibility is the capacity of the dough to stretch without breaking. Returning to the rubber band analogy, if you can pull the rubber band longer without snapping, that shows good extensibility. In bread dough, extensibility allows it to expand and accommodate the gases produced by yeast in a sourdough starter, leading to a nice rise in your bread without tearing.

To autolyse bread dough, combine the flour and water in a recipe and leave it to rest for some period of time. After this rest period, add the preferment (levain), salt, and any additional water, and continue mixing and strengthening.

As discussed above, an autolyse gives enzymes, in this case, amylase, a chance to work efficiently (especially since there is no salt in the dough) and for longer. Because enzymes can be quite active in this environment, performing an autolyse with flour with a low falling number can lead to a troublesome bake. A low falling number indicates high amylase enzymatic activity in the flour itself. If you autolyse for too long, it can result in a sticky, weak dough that potentially degrades through extended fermentation.

A dough that undergoes autolysis will usually require less mixing and kneading time (either by hand or mechanical mixer). By letting the mixture of flour and water rest, gluten bonds will begin forming, and the dough will start to smooth out and soften. Because this happens without mechanical mixing, we can minimize the amount of dough oxidization.

This is related to the section on reduced mixing above. When faced with a situation where lengthy mixing is required, adding in a autolyse can help reduce over oxidizing the dough. This helps to preserve overall flavor and crust and crumb color.

The balance between extensibility and elasticity is incredibly essential in bread baking. Extensibility allows the dough to stretch out farther and avoid tearing. This stretchy characteristic lets the dough fill with gasses created during fermentation for optimal volume. An open and light loaf of bread is vital for the best eating quality.

The two doughs were both mixed by hand only until everything was incorporated. They were not developed in a mechanical mixer and were not strengthened with the slap and fold or other kneading techniques. They were both given the same number of folds during bulk fermentation (3 sets).

Starting at the left-most image, you can see the difference between the dough with the 1-hour autolyse and the one without. The dough with the autolyse was smoother, stronger, and very extensible, stretching out significantly before resisting and tearing. The dough without autolyse was shaggy and tore apart readily. This difference continued into bulk fermentation in the second photo, where the dough on the left (in the orange bowl) had the autolyse; it was smoother and more cohesive. In the last two pictures, you see the loaf with the autolyse had slightly more dramatic crust colors, and it had a little more volume with a more open interior.

When I was preshaping and shaping the doughs, it was immediately apparent the dough without autolyse was shaggier and weaker. This dough required more input to get it into proper form. If I were not doing a side-by-side test with this dough, I would have either mixed it longer or given the dough more stretch and folds to compensate for the lack of strength.

The dough that had the autolyse was smooth, elastic, and more comfortable to shape. Because it was easier to handle, it helped me be gentle with it during preshaping and shaping. More delicate handling during preshape and shaping helped me ensure a better final shape and a more open interior. Further, the increased extensibility in the dough allowed for an improved rise during proof and bake.

By implementing a short autolyse period before mixing, it was possible to reduce the overall mixing time. In doing so, excessive oxidization was eliminated. And as discussed above, having the appropriate oxidization when mixing means improved crumb color, flavor, and texture.

There are many names for the American flag: Old Glory; The Stars and Stripes; The Red, White, and Blue; and The Star-Spangled Banner to name a few. The original 13-star version of the flag was first unveiled on June 14, 1777, and that is why June 14 is known as Flag Day. And in case you were wondering, our current 50-star flag has flown since July 4, 1960.

At some point in time, whether in person or witnessed on television or in film, you probably saw the folding of the flag. As part of the Chapters Health Valor Program, flag-folding plays a large role during an Honor Walk.

Have you ever noticed that the honor guard pays meticulous attention to correctly folding the flag? The flag is folded exactly 13 times in remembrance of the original 13 colonies. But did you know there is a specific meaning to each fold?

Additionally, when the flag is completely folded and tucked in, the resulting shape appears like a tricorne hat and represents the soldiers who served under General George Washington, the sailors and marines who served under Naval Commander John Paul Jones and the many who have followed them in order to preserve the rights, privileges and freedoms we enjoy today. So in the future when you see a flag folded, you will hopefully now have a deeper understanding and appreciation of the tradition.

The folding of the U.S. flag during ceremonial occasions, such as military funerals, is a deeply symbolic act, with each of the 13 folds traditionally holding specific meanings. While these meanings are not officially codified by the U.S. government or military, they have become part of a widely recognized and respected tradition.

The portion of the flag denoting honor is the canton of blue containing the stars representing states our veterans served in uniform. The field of blue dresses from left to right and is inverted only when draped as a funeral cloth over the casket of a veteran who has served our country honorably in uniform. In the U.S. Armed Forces, at the ceremony of retreat, the flag is lowered, folded in a triangle and kept under watch throughout the night as a tribute to our nation's honored dead. The next morning it is brought out and, at a ceremony of reveille, flown high as a symbol of belief in the resurrection of the body.

After the flag is completely folded and tucked in, it has the appearance of a cocked hat, ever reminding us of the soldiers who served under Gen. George Washington and the sailors and Marines who served under Capt. John Paul Jones and were followed by their comrades and shipmates in the U.S. Armed Forces, preserving for us the rights, privileges and freedoms we enjoy today.

The source and the date of origin of this Flag Folding Procedure is unknown. However, some sources attribute it to the Gold Star Mothers of America while others to an Air Force chaplain stationed at the United States Air Force Academy. Some sources also indicate that the 13 folds are a nod to the original first 13 colonies. The flag folding ceremony is provided as a patriotic service.

To ensure burial services at the 143 national cemeteries operated by the Department of Veterans Affairs reflect the wishes of veterans and their families, VA officials have clarified the department's policy about recitations made while the U.S. flag is folded at the grave site of a veteran.

"Honoring the burial wishes of veterans is one of the highest commitments for the men and women of VA," said William F. Tuerk, VA's undersecretary for Memorial Affairs. "A family may request the recitation of words to accompany the meaningful presentation of the American flag as we honor the dedication and sacrifice of their loved ones."

When performing cross-validation, it is common to use 10 folds. Why?It is the common thing to do of course! Not 9 or 11, but 10, andsometimes 5, and sometimes n-1 folds (i.e. leave-one-outcross-validation).

A higher k (number of folds) means that each modelis trained on a larger training set and tested on a smaller test fold.In theory, this should lead to a lower prediction error as themodels see more of the available data.

A lower k means that the model is trained on asmaller training set and tested on a larger test fold. Here, thepotential for the data distribution in the test fold to differ from thetraining set is bigger, and we should thus expect a higherprediction error on average.

In the plot below, some generated data has been split into 3 (left)and 10 (right) folds. Each line represents the best linear model for oneof the folds (i.e. the model that would have the lowest prediction errorwhen testing on that fold). When k=3, a single fold with ahighly different distribution from the other two folds can have a bigimpact on the cross-validated prediction error. When k=10,a few of the folds may differ greatly as well, but on average, the modelwill be closer to the model that overall reduces the prediction errorthe most:

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