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Nilsa Cantos
Gorilla Doctors is the only organization in the world dedicated to conserving mountain and eastern lowland (Grauer's) gorillas in the wild through veterinary medicine and science using a One Health approach. We appreciate your support as we continue to protect the health of these endangered animals.
(A) Distribution of gorilla subspecies (2). (B) Gorilla taxonomy. (C) PCA plot of SNP data for all four gorilla subspecies. (D) PCA plot of SNP data from mountain and eastern lowland gorilla samples only. (E) mtDNA and Y-chromosomal phylogenies. Node heights are in units of substitutions per base pair; each tree is drawn to a separate scale.
(A) LD decay (15) in gorilla and human populations. Human samples are Utah residents with European ancestry (CEU) or Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI). (B) Mean per-sample genome fractions found in homozygous tracts. Open bars show total fractions for mountain (Gbb), eastern lowland (Gbg), Cross River (Ggd), and western lowland (Ggg) gorillas; solid bars show fractions in tracts of length 2.5 to 10 Mb (gorillas) or 2.5 to 10 cM in an Altai Neandertal and two human individuals [Karitiana (Kar) and Papuan (Pap)] (19). Error bars are 1 SD.
The International Gorilla Conservation Programme is a unique coalition of international conservation organizations joining forces with national and local partners to ensure the long-term survival of the now endangered mountain gorillas.
The International Gorilla Conservation Programme is a unique coalition of international conservation organisations joining forces with national and local partners to ensure the long-term survival of the now endangered mountain gorillas.
Surprise #1: The Columbus Zoo and Aquarium's gorilla family recently welcomed a baby...a birth that was unexpected, yet exciting for the care team and important for the conservation of a critically endangered species.
In December 1956, the Columbus Zoo was the first zoo in the world to welcome the birth of a baby gorilla. For the next 67 years, we have continued to make vital contributions to gorilla conservation. By sharing some additional details about this recent heartwarming news, we hope to inspire you to join us in our mission to protect the future of this amazing species.
Sully, who has lived at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium with her mother and fellow troop members since 2019, was initially thought to be a male, until the gorilla care team discovered her holding the unexpected baby gorilla early Thursday.
No. Gorillas rarely show outward signs of pregnancy because the newborns are smaller than human babies and gorillas naturally have large abdomens. The Dian Fossey International Gorilla Fund, which protects gorillas in their native lands, says its trackers are always happily surprised to see a newborn, because they have no way to tell that a baby is on the way.
Yes, we are a proud supporter of several gorilla conservation projects in Central Africa, from research to rescue and rehabilitation missions. In 1991, the Columbus Zoo also founded Partners In Conservation (PIC), a grassroots effort to protect African wildlife through humanitarian projects. Over the last 27 years, PIC has supported more than 60 projects focused in Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
In addition to its world-class gorilla breeding program, the Columbus Zoo is known for being a pioneer in gorilla fostering for more than 30 years. The Zoo has been recognized internationally for the care of gorillas in social groups, including expanding social groups through the placement of young gorillas with foster mothers when their biological mothers were unable to care for them. Over the years, nine gorillas born at the Columbus Zoo have been raised through this fostering program and seven others have been sent from other zoos to receive care.
To ensure their comfort, the gorillas will have access to different areas, including behind-the-scenes habitats. We appreciate your patience and understanding as they choose where they wish to be throughout the day.
Mountain gorillas spend about a quarter of their day eating, mainly plants. Around 85% of their diet is made up of leaves, shoots and stems, but gorillas can also eat larvae, snails, ants, and even roots, barks and rotting wood (a good source of sodium/salt).
Most mountain gorillas live in stable family groups of around 10 individuals, with one dominant male and several females. Both males and females in the group care for their infants; hugging, carrying and playing with them.
In early 2009, Park Rangers regained control of Virunga after a period of armed conflict. Shortly after, Park staff began raising awareness of two young orphan mountain gorillas who were in their care. Orphans Ndeze and Ndakasi had been forced by the circumstances of war to live in a tiny compound in the nearby city of Goma. Unlike their natural environment, Goma is heavily polluted, noisy, and largely built on a lava flow devoid of vegetation.
At the end of 2010, two more orphan mountain gorillas, Maisha and Koboko, were transferred to the Senkwekwe Center. They came from Rwanda where they had been living in a small facility. The four gorillas settled in nicely and soon became a tightly knit family. Sadly, both Koboko and Maisha are no longer with us, having passed away due to health complications.
In 2017, Rangers found Mazuka caught in a snare. She had been trapped for a few days, her foot was badly hurt and septic and needed to be amputated, despite the tremendous efforts of our Rangers and gorilla doctors. Even with her disability, Mazuka had three happy years at Senkwekwe Center, before passing away in March 2021 following a short illness.
Sadly the Senkwekwe Center lost another mountain gorilla in September 2021, Ndakasi having succumbed to prolonged illness. There remain two gorillas at the center, Matabishi and Ndeze, who are enjoying a semi-wild enclosure that better reflects their wild habitat, constructed with the help of the GRACE foundation in 2022.
Wake-up begins around 6:00 am when the gorillas begin to play and receive their breakfast. They are let out into the garden at around 7:30 am where they spend the majority of their day playing and eating. When they were much younger, constant care was needed as they were still very young to be on their own, but today they can be left free without a caretaker within the garden.
At 4:00 pm it is time to return to the enclosure for the night. This entails a bribe of more food to get the orphans back from their playground. Here they remain until the following morning. Dinner comes in the form of porridge with added nutrients and probiotics which is served at around 5:00 pm.
Originally constructed in April 2004, Hubbard Gorilla Valley allowed the Zoo to become a major partner in gorilla conservation. Through the continued commitment and generosity of donors, it has been updated with an African Jungle theme and enhancements that reflect the Zoo's immersive and educational style.
Humans share many elements of their anatomy and physiology with both gorillas and chimpanzees, and our similarity to these species was emphasized by Darwin and Huxley in the first evolutionary accounts of human origins1. Molecular studies confirmed that we are closer to the African apes than to orang-utans, and on average closer to chimpanzees than gorillas2 (Fig. 1a). Subsequent analyses have explored functional differences between the great apes and their relevance to human evolution, assisted recently by reference genome sequences for chimpanzee3 and orang-utan4. Here we provide a reference assembly and initial analysis of the gorilla genome sequence, establishing a foundation for the further study of great ape evolution and genetics.
We also collected less extensive sequence data for three other gorillas, to enable a comparison of species within the Gorilla genus. Gorillas survive today only within several isolated and endangered populations whose evolutionary relationships are uncertain. In addition to Kamilah, our analysis included two western lowland gorillas, Kwanza (male) and EB(JC) (female), and one eastern lowland gorilla, Mukisi (male).
In several cases, a protein variant thought to cause inherited disease in humans32 is the only version found in all three gorillas for which we have genome-wide sequence data (Supplementary Table 8.9). Striking examples are the dementia-associated variant Arg432Cys in the growth factor PGRN and the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-associated variant Arg153His in the muscle Z disk protein TCAP, both of which were corroborated by additional capillary sequencing (Supplementary Table 8.10). Why variants that appear to cause disease in humans might be associated with a normal phenotype in gorillas is unknown; possible explanations are compensatory molecular changes elsewhere, or differing environmental conditions. Such variants have also been found in both the chimpanzee and macaque genomes3,33.
We carried out an analysis of hominine transcriptome variation using total RNA extracted and sequenced from lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) of one gorilla, two chimpanzees and two bonobos (Supplementary Information), and published RNA sequence data for eight human individuals34. After quantifying reads mapping to exons and genes in each species, we calculated the degree of species-specific expression and splicing in 9,746 1:1:1 expressed orthologous genes. On average, expression levels in human and chimpanzee were more similar to each other than either was to gorilla (Supplementary Fig. 10.2). However this effect is reduced in genes with a higher proportion of ILS sites, which tend to show greater expression distance between humans and chimpanzees (Fig. 3a). More generally, patterns seen in the relative expression distances between the three species showed a significant overlap with those derived from genomic lineage sorting (P = 0.026; Supplementary Table 10.4), demonstrating that ILS can be reflected in functional differences between primate species.
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