Runnersare the machines that execute jobs in a GitHub Actions workflow. For example, a runner can clone your repository locally, install testing software, and then run commands that evaluate your code.
GitHub provides runners that you can use to run your jobs, or you can host your own runners. Each GitHub-hosted runner is a new virtual machine (VM) hosted by GitHub with the runner application and other tools preinstalled, and is available with Ubuntu Linux, Windows, or macOS operating systems. When you use a GitHub-hosted runner, machine maintenance and upgrades are taken care of for you.
You can choose one of the standard GitHub-hosted runner options or, if you are on the GitHub Team or GitHub Enterprise Cloud plan, you can provision a runner with more cores, or a runner that's powered by a GPU or ARM processor. These machines are referred to as "larger runner." For more information, see "About larger runners."
To use a GitHub-hosted runner, create a job and use runs-on to specify the type of runner that will process the job, such as ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, or macos-latest. For the full list of runner types, see "About GitHub-hosted runners." If you have repo: write access to a repository, you can view a list of the runners available to use in workflows in the repository. For more information, see "Viewing available runners for a repository."
When the job begins, GitHub automatically provisions a new VM for that job. All steps in the job execute on the VM, allowing the steps in that job to share information using the runner's filesystem. You can run workflows directly on the VM or in a Docker container. When the job has finished, the VM is automatically decommissioned.
Note: Enterprise and organization owners can create runners from this page. To create a new runner, click New runner at the top right of the list of runners to add runners to the repository.
GitHub-hosted Linux runners support hardware acceleration for Android SDK tools, which makes running Android tests much faster and consumes fewer minutes. For more information on Android hardware acceleration, see Configure hardware acceleration for the Android Emulator in the Android Developers documentation.
Warning: Beta and Deprecated Images are provided "as-is", "with all faults" and "as available" and are excluded from the service level agreement and warranty. Beta Images may not be covered by customer support.
For public repositories, jobs using the workflow labels shown in the table below will run on virtual machines with the associated specifications. The use of these runners on public repositories is free and unlimited.
For private repositories, jobs using the workflow labels shown in the table below will run on virtual machines with the associated specifications. These runners use your GitHub account's allotment of free minutes, and are then charged at the per minute rates. For more information, see "About billing for GitHub Actions."
Customers on GitHub Team and GitHub Enterprise Cloud plans can choose from a range of managed virtual machines that have more resources than the standard GitHub-hosted runners. These machines are referred to as "larger runner." They offer the following advanced features:
The software tools included in GitHub-hosted runners are updated weekly. The update process takes several days, and the list of preinstalled software on the main branch is updated after the whole deployment ends.
Workflow logs include a link to the preinstalled tools on the exact runner. To find this information in the workflow log, expand the Set up job section. Under that section, expand the Runner Image section. The link following Included Software will describe the preinstalled tools on the runner that ran the workflow.
GitHub-hosted runners include the operating system's default built-in tools, in addition to the packages listed in the above references. For example, Ubuntu and macOS runners include grep, find, and which, among other default tools.
GitHub hosts Linux and Windows runners on virtual machines in Microsoft Azure with the GitHub Actions runner application installed. The GitHub-hosted runner application is a fork of the Azure Pipelines Agent. Inbound ICMP packets are blocked for all Azure virtual machines, so ping or traceroute commands might not work. GitHub hosts macOS runners in Azure data centers.
If GitHub Actions services are temporarily unavailable, then a workflow run is discarded if it has not been queued within 30 minutes of being triggered. For example, if a workflow is triggered and the GitHub Actions services are unavailable for 31 minutes or longer, then the workflow run will not be processed.
The Linux and macOS virtual machines both run using passwordless sudo. When you need to execute commands or install tools that require more privileges than the current user, you can use sudo without needing to provide a password. For more information, see the "Sudo Manual."
To get a list of IP address ranges that GitHub Actions uses for GitHub-hosted runners, you can use the GitHub REST API. For more information, see the actions key in the response of the GET /meta endpoint. For more information, see "REST API endpoints for meta data."
Since there are so many IP address ranges for GitHub-hosted runners, we do not recommend that you use these as allowlists for your internal resources. Instead, we recommend you use larger runners with a static IP address range, or self-hosted runners. For more information, see "About larger runners" or "About self-hosted runners."
A GitHub-hosted runner must establish connections to GitHub-owned endpoints to perform essential communication operations. In addition, your runner may require access to additional networks that you specify or utilize within an action.
Some of the domains listed are configured using CNAME records. Some firewalls might require you to add rules recursively for all CNAME records. Note that the CNAME records might change in the future, and that only the domains listed will remain constant.
GitHub-hosted runners are provisioned with an etc/hosts file that blocks network access to various cryptocurrency mining pools and malicious sites. Hosts such as MiningMadness.com and
cpu-pool.com are rerouted to localhost so that they do not present a significant security risk.
GitHub executes actions and shell commands in specific directories on the virtual machine. The file paths on virtual machines are not static. Use the environment variables GitHub provides to construct file paths for the home, workspace, and workflow directories.
Actions that run in Docker containers have static directories under the /github path. However, we strongly recommend using the default environment variables to construct file paths in Docker containers.
Everything you need for your virtual event. Design for engagement and we'll take care of the tools. The Virtual Event Kit gives students the resources to make running online events simple and accessible.
I have just started learning Django, and I'm facing some problems regarding the 'copy' of the projects.I have two computers and I would like to use both computers for my development. When I was learning PHP (at that time I didnt even know how to use Github), all I had to do was set up a webserver on both computers, and upload the whole files through Google Drive (from one computer) and then download it from the other computer.
However, it seems to me that Django is somewhat different since it is a framework and has a lot of setting ups before starting a project (including virtual environment; I am following a Youtube tutorial and it says that I would be better off if I used virtualenv). I thought it wouldn't work just by downloading the whole project folder to the other computer.
I suggest that you also install virtualenvwrapper (here). virtualenvwrapper keeps all files except your project at another location so your project directory contains only your files and you can safely use git add --all.
you usually don't want to commit everything blindly. It's better if you use git status to see all the files that you changed and then git add those that you want to commit. Once you've verified that you really want to commit all files, you can simply git add --all (more here). And then you git commit.
And, yes, virtualenv is the way to go. You want to create a virtualenv for your project and have all your dependencies in a requirements.txt file. This will allow to have only your source code and no libraries in your git repo, making it much cleaner. This also can allow you to have a set of verified libraries in production, and if you want to try out a new library you can just install it in your local virtualenv. Or even have two virtualenvs and switch, or whatever, and it does not mess your code repo or other machines' installations.
I am building a website currently using a virtual environment. I noticed when I commit things to GitHub that the bar that shows the language usage ratio on GitHub is skewed to the point where the languages I'm actually using are barely represented due to the Python code in the virtual environment.
Firecracker enables you to deploy workloads in lightweight virtual machines, called microVMs, which provide enhanced security and workload isolation over traditional VMs, while enabling the speed and resource efficiency of containers. Firecracker was developed at Amazon Web Services to improve the customer experience of services like AWS Lambda and AWS Fargate .
Firecracker is a virtual machine monitor (VMM) that uses the Linux Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) to create and manage microVMs. Firecracker has a minimalist design. It excludes unnecessary devices and guest functionality to reduce the memory footprint and attack surface area of each microVM. This improves security, decreases the startup time, and increases hardware utilization. Firecracker is generally available on 64-bit Intel, AMD and Arm CPUs with support for hardware virtualization.
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