[Old Hieratic Paleography Pdf Download
Melvin Amey
For over 3,000 years, Ancient Egypt had simplified forms of writing with varying degrees of cursive alongside the more monumental and pictorial hieroglyphs, whereby the names of these types of writing as Hieratic, abnormative or cursive hieroglyphs, Demotic and cursive hieroglyphs are based on a long scientific history. The ancient Egyptian word root for "script", "writing" and "scribe" (sesh) is written with the ancient Egyptian writing instrument for manuscripts, which consisted of a rush container, a leather bag for color pigments and a palette with two bowls for black and red ink. This was used to write on papyrus, linen and leather, but also on wooden tablets, coffins and other objects. Clay vessels, stone or pottery sherds (ostraca) and smooth surfaces of walls or stelae were also written on with ink. Sometimes cursive signs were also carved, especially into rock faces (incised graffiti). The immeasurable amount of texts contains evidence from all areas, everyday life, administration, economy, literature and fields of knowledge, religion and funerary culture.
In April 2015, the 23-year Mainz Academy project "Ancient Egyptian cursive scripts (AKU). Digital paleography and systematic analysis of Hieratic and cursive hieroglyphs" started with workstations at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (Egyptology) and the Technical University Darmstadt (Linguistics and Literary Studies - Computer Philology).
The aim is the paleographic analysis of the cursive scripts in order to examine their origin, development and dating in the context of ancient Egyptian writing culture. The research also focuses on the materiality of the writing media, the varying forms of scribal hands between calligraphy and economy as well as the social functions, applications and combinations of the different types of writing over the millennia. For the first time, various digital methods for documentation and analysis are being developed and applied.
The AKU project has created a grapheme list with over 700 different graphemes that correspond to the character repertoire of Hieratic and cursive hieroglyphs. Using selected textual witnesses from all epochs, the cursive sign forms of Hieratic (hieratograms) and the cursive hieroglyphs are entered into the project database, provided with extensive metadata and linked to image data, among other things. As part of the Open Science policy, an online paleography was developed from the project database, which has been available open access under the name AKU-PAL since 2022.
Since the database should cover the entire period of Ancient Egyptian cursive scripts, a close cooepration with Egyptologists on an international level is indispensible. Colleagues all over the world, who edit a text in one of the cursive scripts, can provide the AKU project with their new paleographic material. The copyright is maintained and the editor specified, while the new material is taken into the database to complement the existing data and increase the possibilities for analysis. In turn, the AKU project can offer its cooperation partners new and better options for search, comparison, and evaluation of the paleographic material.
Julia Viani Puglisi received her B.A. in Classical Languages at the University of California, Berkeley, where she studied the urban impact of the goddess Isis in the Roman city of Herculaneum. She received an MA in Egyptology at Indiana University, Bloomington, with a thesis that explored the application of computational linguistics in the identification of phonetic word-play in Late Egyptian texts. At IU she also worked under Dr. Bernard Frischer and the Virtual World Heritage Laboratory with a photogrammetric project at the Uffizi Museum in Florence.
In addition to being a researcher at the Harvard Giza Project, she is writing her dissertation on the Central Field cemetery at the Giza, which initially supplied stone for the pyramids of Khufu and Khafre before transforming into a unique burial site. Her interests also include: phonological development, hieratic paleography, cosmogonies and ontologies, monumental texts, graffiti, symbolic architecture, and ancient cultural memory.
- Koenraad Donker van Heel - A very easy crash course in Abnormal Hieratic. Being a step by step introduction to the least accessible of all ancient Egyptian scripts, Leiden, Papyrologisch Instituut, 2013
- Georg Mller - Hieratische Palographie.Die gyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der 5. Dynastie bis zur rmischen Kaiserzeit. Band I-IV, Osnabrck-Leipzig, Otto Zeller- Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1909-1965
- Mohamed Sherif Ali - Hieratische Ritzinschriften aus Theben: Palaographie Der Graffiti Und Steinbruchinschriften, Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 [Gttinger Orientforschungen. IV. Reihe: gypten 34]
- Charles Edward Moldenke - The Tale of the Two Brothers: A Fairy Tale of Ancient Egypt; the D'Orbiney Papyrus in Hieratic Characters in the British Museum; the Hieratic Text, the Hieroglyphic Transcription, Watchung (N.J.), Elsinore Press, 1898
- Koenraad Donker van Heel - Abnormal hieratic and early demotic texts collected by the Theban choachytes in the reign of Amasis. Papyri from the Louvre Eisenlohr lot. Part I: Text, Leiden, Leiden University, 1995
- Alan Wynn Shorter - Catalogue of Egyptian religious papyri in The British Museum: Copies of the book PR(T)-M-HRW from the XVIIIth to the XXIIrd dynasty. 1. Description of papyri with text, London, British Museum, 1938
Alan H. Gardiner - Theban ostraca : Edited from the originals, now mainly in the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology, Toronto, and the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Part I: Hieratic Texts, London- Oxford, Humphrey Milford- Oxford University Press, 1913
- Pierre Meyrat - Les papyrus magiques du Ramesseum. Recherches sur une bibliothque prive de la fin du Moyen Empire. Tome I-II, Le Caire, Institut franais d'archologie orientale, 2019 [BiEtud/Bde 172]
- Abdel Rahman Salah Hafez Abdel Samie - Hieratic Ostraca of the Rameside period in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo: documentation, classification and commentary, Birmingham, University of Birmingham, 2009
- Koenraad Donker van Heel, Francisca A.J. Hoogendijk, Cary J. Martin (eds.) - Of Making Many Books There Is No End: Festschrift in Honour of Sven P. Vleeming. Hieratic, Demotic and Greek Studies and Text Editions, Leiden - Boston, Brill, 2018
The table below is to help identification of hieratic signs.It was compiled by looking at the hieratic and the hieroglyphicsigns in the Hieratische Palographie, as well as the meaningsof the signs as far as they were mentioned by Mller.Because no annotated editions exist for Theinhardt's sign list, on which the Hieratische Palographie was based, the identificationis in many cases uncertain. This can only be resolved by revisitingfacsimiles of the original texts, and looking at the signs in their contexts.Where no exact identification is possible, an approximate matchis given.
In the second century, the term hieratic was used for the first time by the Greek scholar Clement of Alexandria to describe this Ancient Egyptian writing system.[2] The term derives from the Greek for "priestly writing" (Koinē Greek: γράμματα ἱερατικά) because at that time, for more than eight and a half centuries, hieratic had been used traditionally only for religious texts and literature.
Around 650 BCE, the even more-cursive Demotic script developed from hieratic.[1] Demotic arose in northern Egypt and replaced hieratic and the southern shorthand known as abnormal hieratic for most mundane writing, such as personal letters and mercantile documents. Hieratic continued to be used by the priestly class for religious texts and literature into the third century AD.
Through most of its long history, hieratic was used for writing administrative documents, accounts, legal texts, and letters, as well as mathematical, medical, literary, and religious texts. During the Grco-Roman period, when Demotic, and later, Greek, had become the chief administrative script, hieratic was limited primarily to religious texts. In general, hieratic was much more important than hieroglyphs throughout Egypt's history, being the script used in daily life. It was also the writing system first taught to students, knowledge of hieroglyphs being limited to a small minority who were given additional training.[5] It is often possible to detect errors in hieroglyphic texts that came about due to a misunderstanding of an original hieratic text.
Most often, hieratic script was written in ink with a reed brush on papyrus, wood, stone, or pottery ostraca. During the Roman period, reed pens (calami) were also used. Thousands of limestone ostraca have been found at the site of Deir al-Madinah, revealing an intimate picture of the lives of common Egyptian workers. Besides papyrus, stone, ceramic shards, and wood, there are hieratic texts on leather rolls, although few have survived. There are also hieratic texts written on cloth, especially on linen used in mummification. There are some hieratic texts inscribed on stone, a variety known as lapidary hieratic. These are particularly common on stelae from the twenty-second dynasty.
During the late sixth dynasty, hieratic was sometimes incised into mud tablets with a stylus, similar to cuneiform. About five hundred of these tablets have been discovered in the governor's palace at Ayn Asil (Balat),[6] and a single example was discovered from the site of Ayn al-Gazzarin, both in the Dakhla Oasis.[7][8][9] At the time the tablets were made, Dakhla was located far from centers of papyrus production.[10] These tablets record inventories, name lists, accounts, and approximately fifty letters. Of the letters, many are internal letters that were circulated within the palace and the local settlement, but others were sent from other villages in the oasis to the governor.
Hieratic script, unlike inscriptional and manuscript hieroglyphs, reads from right to left. Initially, hieratic could be written in either columns or horizontal lines, but after the twelfth dynasty (specifically during the reign of Amenemhat III), horizontal writing became the standard.
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