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Dart is an object-oriented, class-based, garbage-collected language with C-style syntax.[9] It can compile to machine code, JavaScript, or WebAssembly. It supports interfaces, mixins, abstract classes, reified generics and type inference.[4]
Dart had a mixed reception at first. Some criticized the Dart initiative for fragmenting the web because of plans to include a Dart VM in Chrome. Those plans were dropped in 2015 with the Dart 1.9 release. Focus changed to compiling Dart code to JavaScript.[13]
Dart 2.6 introduced a new extension, dart2native. This extended native compilation to the Linux, macOS, and Windows desktop platforms.[15] Earlier developers could create new tools using only Android or iOS devices. With this extension, developers could deploy a program into self-contained executables. The Dart SDK doesn't need to be installed to run these self-contained executables.[16] The Flutter toolkit integrates Dart, so it can compile on small services like backend support.[17][18]
Dart released the 5th edition of its language specification on April 9, 2021.[23] This covers all syntax through Dart 2.10. A draft of the 6th edition includes all syntax through 2.13.[24] Accepted proposals for the specification and drafts of potential features can be found in the Dart language repository on GitHub.[25]
ECMA International formed technical committee, TC52,[26] to standardize Dart. ECMA approved the first edition of the Dart language specification as ECMA-408[27] in July 2014 at its 107th General Assembly.[28] Subsequent editions were approved in December 2014,[29] June 2015, and December 2015.[27]
The Dart software development kit (SDK) ships with a standalone Dart runtime. This allows Dart code to run in a command-line interface environment. The SDK includes tools to compile and package Dart apps.[30] Dart ships with a complete standard library allowing users to write fully working system apps like custom web servers.[31]
Dart can compile to native machine code for macOS, Windows, and Linux as command line tools. Dart can compile apps with user interfaces to the web, iOS, Android, macOS, Windows, and Linux using the Flutter framework.
To achieve concurrency, Dart uses isolated, independent workers that do not share memory, but use message passing,[46] similarly to Erlang processes (also see actor model). Every Dart program uses at least one isolate, which is the main isolate. Since Dart 2, the Dart web platform no longer supports isolates, and suggests developers use Web Workers instead.[47]
Starting with Dart 2.12, Dart introduced sound null safety.[48] This serves as a guarantee that variables cannot return a null value unless it has explicit permission. Null safety prevents the developer from introducing null-pointer exceptions, a common, but difficult to debug, error. With Dart 3.0, all code must follow sound null safety.
On November 18, 2011, Google released Dart Editor, an open-source program based on Eclipse components, for macOS, Windows, and Linux-based operating systems.[50] The editor supports syntax highlighting, code completion, JavaScript compiling, running web and server Dart applications, and debugging.
On April 18, 2015, Google retired the Dart Editor in favor of the JetBrains integrated development environment (IDE).[52] Android Studio, IntelliJ IDEA, PyCharm, PhpStorm and WebStorm support a Dart plugin.[53] This plugin supports many features such as syntax highlighting, code completion, analysis, refactoring, debugging, and more. Other editors include plugins for Dart[54] including Sublime Text,[55] Atom,[56] Emacs,[57] Vim[58] and Visual Studio Code.[59]
In 2013, the Chromium team began work on an open source, Chrome App-based development environment with a reusable library of GUI widgets, codenamed Spark.[60] The project was later renamed as Chrome Dev Editor.[61] Built in Dart, it contained Spark which is powered by Polymer.[62]
To provide an easier way to start using Dart, the Dart team created DartPad at the start of 2015. This online editor allows developers to experiment with Dart application programming interfaces (APIs) and run Dart code. It provides syntax highlighting, code analysis, code completion, documentation, and HTML and CSS editing.[65]
Google introduced Flutter for native app development. Built using Dart, C, C++ and Skia, Flutter is an open-source, multi-platform app UI framework. Prior to Flutter 2.0, developers could only target Android, iOS and the web. Flutter 2.0 released support for macOS, Linux, and Windows as a beta feature.[67] Flutter 2.10 released with production support for Windows[68] and Flutter 3 released production support for all desktop platforms.[69] It provides a framework, widgets, and tools. This framework gives developers a way to build and deploy mobile, desktop, and web apps.[70] Flutter works with Firebase[71] and supports extending the framework through add-ons called packages. These can be found on their package repository, pub.dev.[72] JetBrains also supports a Flutter plugin.[73]
In 2004, Gilad Bracha (who was a member of the Dart team) and David Ungar first proposed Mirror API for performing controlled and secure reflection in a paper.[81] The concept was first implemented in Self.
Access data, summaries and visualizations in real time through online queries.
Information available includes data on salmon, steelhead, freshwater resident species, and environmental conditions related to river, estuary, ocean, and climate.
Access predictions of fish and river conditions in real-time and for historical dates. Products include Inseason Forecasts of juvenile and adult salmon passage through the Snake and Columbia rivers, and forecasts of water temperature and total dissolved gas.
Access fish status indices and historical trends in fish populations. The status and trends are determined from analytical research, monitoring, and evaluation related to the Federal Columbia River Power System Biological Opinion.
Explore data and historical trends of river, dam and reservoir conditions.
Access freely available desktop software applications and R packages.
Statistical tools and mechanistic models relate to salmon, including egg growth, vitality-based survival, COMPASS, movement behavior, run timing and parameter estimation.
Please use the provided online submission form or email the DART Team directly with any questions, requests, or quality control issues you may have about the data. We are interested in your feedback andexperiences with DART. Thank you. da...@cbr.washington.edu
Protocol buffers are the flexible, efficient, automated solution to solveexactly this problem. With protocol buffers, you write a .proto description ofthe data structure you wish to store. From that, the protocol buffer compilercreates a class that implements automatic encoding and parsing of the protocolbuffer data with an efficient binary format. The generated class providesgetters and setters for the fields that make up a protocol buffer and takes careof the details of reading and writing the protocol buffer as a unit.Importantly, the protocol buffer format supports the idea of extending theformat over time in such a way that the code can still read data encoded withthe old format.
Our example is a set of command-line applications for managing an address bookdata file, encoded using protocol buffers. The command dart add_person.dartadds a new entry to the data file. The command dart list_people.dart parsesthe data file and prints the data to the console.
Next, you have your message definitions. A message is just an aggregatecontaining a set of typed fields. Many standard simple data types are availableas field types, including bool, int32, float, double, and string. Youcan also add further structure to your messages by using other message types asfield types.
If a field is repeated, the field may be repeated any number of times(including zero). The order of the repeated values will be preserved in theprotocol buffer. Think of repeated fields as dynamically sized arrays.
Here is a program which reads an AddressBook from a file, adds one newPerson to it based on user input, and writes the new AddressBook back out tothe file again. The parts which directly call or reference code generated by theprotocol compiler are highlighted.
If you follow these rules, old code will happily read new messages and simplyignore any new fields. To the old code, singular fields that were deleted willsimply have their default value, and deleted repeated fields will be empty. Newcode will also transparently read old messages.
However, keep in mind that new fields will not be present in old messages, soyou will need to do something reasonable with the default value. A type-specificdefault value isused: for strings, the default value is the empty string. For booleans, thedefault value is false. For numeric types, the default value is zero.
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