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Objective: To study the clinical course, response to therapy, and longterm outcome of pure sensory neuropathy (PSN) in a series of patients with primary Sjgren's syndrome (SS) followed prospectively in our referral centers.
Results: At diagnosis of PSN, clinical manifestations included numbness and paresthesias (11 patients), trigeminal neuropathy (6 patients), and Adie's pupil syndrome (4 patients). In 7 patients, PSN was diagnosed prior to SS, in 5 the diagnoses were made simultaneously, and in the remaining 3 patients PSN was diagnosed after the appearance of SS symptomatology. The mean duration of the prospective PSN followup was 10 years (range 1-20). The progression of PSN was acute in 1 patient (producing severe dysfunction in less than 1 month), subacute in 3 patients, and in the remaining 11, the symptoms progressed slowly over the ensuing years to other extremities. Patients were treated with corticosteroids (n = 13), cyclophosphamide (n = 4), and intravenous immunoglobulins (n = 1), and 2 patients received no treatment. In spite of treatment, most patients showed an indolent and insidious longterm PSN course.
Conclusion: We found 3 differentiated clinical courses of the PSN in patients with primary SS: subacute progression in less than 1 month (7%), late acceleration of PSN 2-4 years after an initial indolent onset (20%), and a very longterm insidious, chronic evolution (73%). Prospective analysis of the longterm course of PSN shows a chronic and insidious evolution in most patients with PSN and SS, with a poor response to treatment, although stabilization of symptomatology for long periods is often observed.
Diabetic neuropathy is caused by diabetes. It most commonly affects the nerves of your hands and feet. It can also affect the nerves controlling automatic functions of the body (autonomic neuropathy). It sometimes affects the nerves in the hips and thighs.
Your doctor will ask you questions about your symptoms, and whether anything makes them worse or better. They will want to know how long you have had symptoms. They will also ask about other conditions you have and any medicines or other therapies you are taking.
Neuropathy in diabetes (also called diabetic nerve damage or diabetic neuropathy) is temporary or permanent damage to nerve tissue in people with diabetes mellitus. Symptoms depend on which nerves are affected.
Reproduced with permission from The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Diabetic neuropathies increase with age, duration of diabetes and level of control of diabetes. They are heterogeneous, with diverse clinical manifestations, and may be focal or diffuse.
Reproduced with permission from The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Glaucomas are a group of relatively common optic neuropathies, in which there is pathological loss of retinal ganglion cells, progressive loss of sight and associated alteration in the retinal nerve fibre layer and optic nerve head
Reproduced with permission from The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. A small number of adult-onset neurological conditions are due primarily to a single gene mutation (eg Huntington disease).
Healthdirect Australia acknowledges the Traditional Owners of Country throughout Australia and their continuing connection to land, sea and community. We pay our respects to the Traditional Owners and to Elders both past and present.
The diagnosis of peripheral neuropathies can be frustrating, time consuming and costly. Careful clinical and electrodiagnostic assessment, with attention to the pattern of involvement and the types of nerve fibers most affected, narrows the differential diagnosis and helps to focus the laboratory evaluation. An algorithmic approach to the evaluation and differential diagnosis of a patient with peripheral neuropathy is presented, based on important elements of the clinical history and physical examination, the use of electromyography and nerve conduction studies, autonomic testing, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and nerve biopsy findings. The underlying cause of axonal neuropathies can frequently be treated; demyelinating neuropathies are generally managed with the assistance of a neurologist.
The incidence of peripheral neuropathy is not known, but it is a common feature of many systemic diseases. Diabetes and alcoholism are the most common etiologies of peripheral neuropathy in adults living in developed countries. The primary worldwide cause of treatable neuropathy is leprosy.1 Neuropathies associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection account for an increasing number of cases. Peripheral neuropathy has numerous other causes, including hereditary, toxic, metabolic, infectious, inflammatory, ischemic and paraneoplastic disorders. The number of peripheral neuropathies for which an etiology cannot be found despite extensive evaluation ranges from 13 to 22 percent.2,3 Many undiagnosed patients (up to 42 percent) are found, after a careful family history and examination of kin, to have a familial neuropathy.2
The evaluation of a peripheral neuropathy can be time-consuming and costly. A systematic approach based on a careful clinical and electrodiagnostic assessment can help narrow the possibilities and tailor the laboratory evaluation to a specific differential diagnosis.
The peripheral nerves include the cranial nerves (with the exception of the second), the spinal nerve roots, the dorsal root ganglia, the peripheral nerve trunks and their terminal branches, and the peripheral autonomic nervous system. By convention, the motor neurons and their diseases are considered separately.
Nerves are composed of different types of axons. Large, myelinated axons include motor axons and the sensory axons responsible for vibration sense, proprioception and light touch. Small myelinated axons are composed of autonomic fibers and sensory axons and are responsible for light touch, pain and temperature. Small, unmyelinated axons are also sensory and subserve pain and temperature. Neuropathies involving primarily the latter two fiber types are called small-fiber neuropathies.
Clinically, large-fiber neuropathies can be distinguished from small-fiber neuropathies during neurologic testing: large fibers carry sensation for vibration and proprioception, while small fibers carry sensation for pain and temperature. Sensation for light touch is carried by both large and small nerve fibers.
Neuronopathies occur at the level of the motor neuron or dorsal root ganglion, with subsequent degeneration of their peripheral and central processes. Because the injury is at the level of the cell body, recovery is often incomplete.
Myelinopathies occur at the level of the myelin sheath and can be inflammatory or hereditary. In acquired demyelinating neuropathies, the injury is often patchy or segmental. Because the axons are relatively spared, recovery is often rapid (weeks to months) and complete. Hereditary abnormalities of myelin are usually diffuse, with a slowly progressive course.
The differential diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy is significantly narrowed by a focused clinical assessment that addresses several key issues (Figure 1). The first issue is, does the patient actually have a neuropathy? Causes of generalized weakness include motor neuron disease, disorders of the neuromuscular junction and myopathy. Peripheral neuropathy can also be mimicked by myelopathy, syringomyelia or dorsal column disorders, such as tabes dorsalis. Hysterical symptoms can sometimes mimic a neuropathy.
It is useful to determine the pattern of involvement. Is the neuropathy focal, multifocal or symmetric? Focal neuropathies include common compressive neuropathies such as carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar neuropathy at the elbow or peroneal neuropathy at the fibular head6,7 (Table 1).8 A multifocal neuropathy suggests a mononeuritis multiplex that may be caused, for example, by vasculitis or diabetes (Table 1).8
If the neuropathy is symmetric, is it proximal or distal? Most toxic and metabolic neuropathies present as a distal symmetric or dying-back process (Table 2).9 Proximal sensory neuropathies are rare and include porphyria.6 Predominantly motor neuropathies are often proximal and include acquired inflammatory neuropathies such as Guillain-Barr syndrome8,9 (Table 3).8 An exception is lead neuropathy, which initially affects motor fibers in radial and peroneal distributions.
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