There's some freely-available source datasets that could be used to generate Cesium compatible tilesets. For example, NASA's Blue Marble Next Gen dataset at
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=73776 , and Unearthed Outdoors' True Marble dataset at
http://www.unearthedoutdoors.net/global_data/true_marble/ . You would want to use tools like gdal2tiles to turn those source images into a TMS-format tileset.
I spent time last fall doing research on geodata tools, formats, and data sources, and wrote them up in an internal wiki. At some point I may see if I can post that info publicly, but doing so is pretty low on my priority list.