There is not a subscription model available for FHIR R4 resources today.
For your use case, could you query DocRef to find CCDs and the desired _lastUpdated, and then only pull the CCDs you are interested in from that superset? It still requires calling for each patient, but you should be able to tell from the metadata on the CCD whether you want it or not, without generating it wholesale. It looks like the attachment in a DocRef for a CCD is using the Binary...$autogen-ccd-if operation, so it would achieve your same end-goal, perhaps a little more efficently.
Also, this maybe a use case where FHIR Bulk Data Access can help when it comes on-line later this year. Stay tuned for that.