Bad Drag Race Organizers Are Back With Tesla Model X Vs Land Rover
Janet Denzel
The efficient technology initiatives are all illustrated byLand_e, Land Rover's e-Terrain Technology Concept. Together, theycontribute to a potential 30 per cent improvement in fuel economyover a current vehicle of similar size and performance. And most ofthe technologies will be available on Land Rover production modelsstarting in the next few years.
Bad Drag Race Organizers Are Back With Tesla Model X Vs Land Rover
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The key to Land_e's importance is that it shows available andrelevant technologies - plus some new systems that are unique toLand Rover - in the most innovative and effective way possible. Itcombines mechanical and electrical advances to make gains in areasranging from transmission function to cooling efficiency, and frombattery power management to power steering efficiency - all withoutcompromising the breadth of on- and off-road capability thatdefines all Land Rover products.
"The e-Terrain technologies are practical, feasible, real-worldsolutions," says Matthew Taylor, managing director of LandRover. "In every case, they preserve - and in most casesimprove - our breadth of capability. We are not prepared to dilutethe essence of Land Rover. But we are committed to improving fueleconomy and reducing CO2 emissions."
Over the past nine years, Land Rover's cross-range emissionsoutput has fallen by 13 per cent, compared with the motorindustry's overall average improvement of 9.7 per cent. Indeed, theFreelander Td4 diesel's CO2 emissions compare with many hothatches, and the seven-seater Discovery 3 TDV6 has CO2 emissions tomatch many saloons. Furthermore, the CO2 emissions from the latest2006 Range Rover V8 have been improved by 11 per cent over those ofthe outgoing 2005 model.
But the Company is committed to going much further. Whileadhering to Land Rover's core abilities as versatile, all-terrainvehicles, the Land_e technologies target a sub 150g/km CO2 figurewhich equates to a combined fuel economy figure approaching 50mpgor 5.65L/100km - in a vehicle similar in size to the currentFreelander. Such CO2 emissions levels are comparable with a typicalpetrol B segment or diesel C segment car, representing an almost 30per cent improvement on today's figures.
Land Rover's unique electric drive is different from the hybridtechnology used by some 4x4 rivals. They use electric drive only tothe rear axle, significantly reducing off-road capability. Integrated Electric Rear Axle Drive enhances off-road performanceby augmenting rather than replacing the mechanical drive.
Off-road, the Integrated Electric Rear Axle Drive system canprovide additional torque, as required. And because electric powercan offer maximum torque from standstill, it is most effective fromvirtually zero mph/kph. This offers better low-speed control andenhanced pull-away in difficult situations - such as on slipperysurfaces or when towing.
On-road, the additional low-speed torque input from theIntegrated Electric Rear Axle Drive offers multiple advantages. Itallows electric-powered 'traffic creep' and low-speed accelerationup to 20mph or 32kph, without restarting the engine, benefitingfuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Whenever required, the ISGsystem restarts the engine, and the vehicle is then propelled by acombination of electrical and conventional engine power. Thecombined effect of delaying the restarting of the engine plus thecontinued assistance of electric drive, significantly reduces fuelconsumption.
When quicker acceleration is required, the engine can berestarted immediately, so both the conventional engine and theIntegrated Electric Rear Axle Drive system supply power from rest.In this case, the electric torque boost provided by the IntegratedElectric Rear Axle Drive significantly improves accelerationwithout adversely affecting either fuel consumption or CO2emissions.
The additional low-speed electric torque boost not only givesextra off-road ability, it also improves efficiency by using storedenergy from the additional high-voltage battery system. Completely separate from the normal 12-volt battery system, this isa high capacity lithium-ion battery pack which is charged byregenerative braking energy.
The regenerative braking puts otherwise wasted braking energyback into the high-voltage storage battery system. Whenslowing the vehicle, pressing the brake pedal causes thedriveshafts and propshaft to transfer energy from the wheels to theIntegrated Electric Rear Axle Drive system, decelerating thevehicle and transferring the 'braking' energy to the storagebattery. For harder braking and for emergency stops, theconventional braking system is retained and fully operational,working in conjunction with the regenerative braking function.
One of the simplest yet most effective CO2-reducing featureshighlighted on the Land_e is the ISG Integrated Starter-Generator.The ISG package replaces the conventional alternator and continuesto take its drive from the normal ancillary belt. It is a'micro-hybrid' system that allows the engine to be stoppedautomatically whenever the vehicle stops, as in traffic, and underthe control of the ECU it restarts the engine quickly and smoothlywhen required. The engine does not idle unnecessarily when thevehicle is stationary, to the further benefit of both fuel economyand CO2 emissions.
Together the engine stop-start function of ISG, plus theregenerative braking function, provided by the Integrated ElectricRear Axle Drive offer the potential of a 20 per cent reduction inCO2 emissions. The outstanding multi-terrain ability that is at thecore of Land Rover is also enhanced.
Seamless re-connect is a system that significantly reduces fuelconsumption by cutting mechanical losses. Drive to the rear wheelsis automatically disconnected when conditions allow, such ascruising on a dry surface. Yet unlike hybrid and selectable 4x4systems, there is instant access to Land Rover's full range offour-wheel drive abilities. The Propshaft with Seamless Re-connectallows the Propshaft and rear drive components to come to rest,avoiding unnecessary rotational losses.
When rear drive is required - when, for instance, the systemdetects slippery conditions - the system reconnects the rear axleautomatically and virtually instantaneously. The system not onlyre-engages full 4x4 much faster than rivals, it also offers muchbetter 4x4 capability when connected. Re-engaging drive seamlesslyalso has safety benefits. It does not affect the car'sdynamic balance in the same way as a slower and less progressivere-connection.
The technology also reinforces Land Rover's fundamental principleto 'Tread Lightly'. By ensuring that front and rear wheel speedsare correctly matched, and with the additional control of theIntegrated Electric Rear Axle drive, the drive layout virtuallyeliminates wheel slippage, which in turn reduces soft-surfacedamage - for instance on grass.
The ISG Integrated Starter-Generator, Integrated Electric RearAxle Drive and the Seamless Re-connect propshaft are fullycompatible with all Land Rover engine and transmission options, andcould be adapted for any model and any market.
The e-Mode is shown for the first time and focuses principallyon on-road use. This configures all the vehicle's e-terrain systemsfor optimised fuel economy. It always retains instantaneous accessto Land Rover's four-wheel drive capability but adopts softthrottle responses, and delivers early shift points.
The other five modes are already available on some Land Roverproducts - General Driving; Sand; Mud and Ruts; Grass, Gravel andSnow; and Rock Crawl. In the Land_e, all use combinations of normalengine and Integrated Electric Rear Axle Drive. In all off-roadmodes, the engine is never shut down, even if the vehicle isstationary.
In Sand mode, primary power is supplied by the engine; theIntegrated Electric Rear Axle Drive system monitors torque todetect either wheelspin or bogging-down, and intervenes asnecessary, either to stop tyre slip or to provide additional torqueto deal with soft, deep sand.
In Grass, Gravel and Snow mode, control is more important thanpower, so engine power is fed in only once the vehicle is underway.Integrated Electric Rear Axle Drive is used for driving awaywithout wheelspin even on very slippery surfaces - by constantlymonitoring torque and intervening rapidly to prevent tyre slip. Inthis mode, the Integrated Electric Rear Axle Drive can respond towheelspin even more quickly than the engine management, and cancancel the initial slippage within one-eighth of a wheel rotation -a critical figure that is small enough to regain grip and preventpermanent damage even on wet grass. No other system achievesthis.
In Rock Crawl mode, speeds are typically below 5mph/8kph.Integrated Electric Rear Axle Drive now provides the primary powersource, boosted as necessary by normal engine torque. In all cases,the great advantage of Integrated Electric Rear Axle Drive is thatan electric motor offers maximum torque at the lowest wheel speeds,for the ideal mix of power with control.
An increasing emphasis on diesel power is clearly important tooverall CO2 reductions, and bio-diesel capability extends thepotential advantages. Bio-diesel is a fuel derived from renewableand sustainable sources, such as natural oils from soya beans orother easily cultivated vegetable or cereal crops. It is currentlycommercially available as a blend of bio-derived diesel andpetroleum-derived diesel, in varying proportions, and bio-dieseloffers reduced emissions compared with petroleum-deriveddiesel.
Currently, a five per cent bio-derived content is typical withforecourt diesel. Potentially, a vehicle could operate on a 25 percent bio-diesel mix, which is a realistic goal within a few years,and one supported by the oil industry and governments. A vehiclerunning on 25 per cent bio-diesel mix could potentially reduce itsCO2 emissions by up to 25 per cent. Next generation bio-fuels madefrom crop wastes are also being developed, and these will delivereven greater CO2 reductions, as well as being more sustainable.
The ITP Intelligent Thermal Programme controls engine parametersincluding exhaust heat management and cooling system function.Through heat exchangers, the EHRS (Exhaust Heat Recovery System)utilises what is normally wasted heat from the exhaust system topromote faster engine and gearbox warm-up from cold, with severaladvantages. In a production application, ITP could also controlActive Aero Vanes, which would allow specific sections of theradiator aperture to be closed under certain operating conditions.That would reduce high-drag airflow through the radiator core andengine bay when cooling air is not needed - for instance at lowambient temperatures and when running in low-load conditions. Thevanes would also be closed during engine warm-up, again to ensurethat the engine reaches optimum operating temperature as quickly aspossible. Faster engine and catalyst warm-up significantly reducesemissions in the first minutes after a cold start, and by bringingengine and gearbox oils up to operating tem
perature more quickly, it reduces mechanical frictionallosses.