Cracked Codes
Gail Elfert
The North American Numbering Plan (NANP) is the telephone numbering system within which the Public Switched Telephone Network is managed in the United States, Canada, and some Caribbean countries by the North American Numbering Plan Administrator (NANPA). The NANP is divided into smaller Numbering Plan Areas that are each identified by a three-digit code, commonly known as an area code. Telephone numbers in the NANP are structured in the format NPA-NXX-XXXX, in which
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has exclusive jurisdiction over telephone numbering in the United States but has delegated specific authority to state regulatory agencies. Tasked with the authority granted by the FCC, the CPUC conducts area code relief and enforces number conservation in California in accordance with Public Utilities Code Section 7930-7943.
California currently has 40 area codes. A new area code is added to a geographic area when there are no more three-digit prefixes available in the existing area code. Area codes are added in the form of a geographic split or an overlay. California has added fourteen area codes using the overlay method since 2006.
211 - Community information and referral services. 211 service is provided by local community-based or government organizations that are authorized by the CPUC to use the 211 code to provide information and referrals to health and human services.
811 - Call-before-you-dig phone number for access to location of buried utilities. Underground Service Alert, a nonprofit organization, manages 811 calls and operates two call centers: USA North 811 for northern California and Dig Alert for southern California.
988 - National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. The United States Department of Health and Human Services' Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, in partnership with the Department of Veterans Affairs, administers the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which is a national network of approximately 170 local and state funded crisis centers.
The 559 area code is expected to run out of available prefixes by September 2025. On December 14, 2023, the CPUC approved an overlay and a new area code in Decision 23-12-012 to provide additional numbering resources in the geographic region served by the 559 area code. The new area code to overlay the 559 area code is the 357 area code.
In general, related fields will include fields involving research, innovation or development of new technologies using engineering, mathematics, computer science or natural sciences (including physical, biological and agricultural sciences).
This means that DHS may consider a degree to be in a STEM field even if it is not within the CIP two-digit series for the four identified core areas and may designate CIP codes meeting the definition at the two-, four- or six-digit level.
The FEMA Building Code Strategy organizes and prioritizes FEMA activities to advance the adoption and enforcement of hazard-resistant building codes and standards for FEMA programs. It promotes integrating building codes and standards across FEMA, strengthening nationwide capability and expertise, and driving public action.
While energy codes were primarily developed to enhance energy efficiency, advancing progress on cleaner energy codes supports community-based well-being and resilience. Building energy codes lead to important financial, health, and safety outcomes for our communities, especially for vulnerable and underserved populations who spend a disproportionate amount of their income on energy expenses or live in areas with higher levels of air pollution.
By advancing progress on building codes that improve energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote health and safety, we can ensure that all New Yorkers have access to the benefits of a clean energy transition. The benefits of updated cleaner and more resilient building codes are known to provide energy savings and allow buildings to better adapt to extreme cold and heat. These benefits include a more durable building thermal envelope; increased air leakage prevention and air sealing requirements; and increased use of insulation.
Whether you are a municipal code official, a real estate developer, or a community advocate, NYSERDA is your partner for energy code technical assistance and compliance. To get started, choose from the following options, check out our directory of training and resources, or contact us.
New York State legislation requires NYSERDA, alongside the New York Department of State, to develop and implement the next generation of modern building energy codes and standards. Through this work, local governments, builders, contractors, design professionals, and community advocates will have the opportunity to come together to help us reach our clean energy goals as defined by the Advanced Building Codes, Appliance and Equipment Efficiency Standards Act of 2022 and the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (Climate Act) .
NYSERDA offers objective information and analysis, innovative programs, technical expertise, and support to help New Yorkers increase energy efficiency, save money, use renewable energy, and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. A public benefit corporation, NYSERDA has been advancing energy solutions and working to protect the environment since 1975.
Construction Codes have become an important issue for Georgia's local governments, building professionals and citizens alike. The following is a general overview of Georgia's Construction Code Program, including enforcement, local amendments, current codes, and whom to call if you have questions regarding construction codes and related issues in Georgia.
The Uniform Codes Act is codified at chapter 2 of title 8 of The Official Code of Georgia Annotated. O.C.G.A. Section 8-2-20(9)(B). Below is a list of the current mandatory and permissive state codes. Each of these separate codes typically consist of a base code (e.g. The International Building Code as published by the International Code Council) and a set of Georgia amendments to the base code. The mandatory codes are applicable to all construction whether or not they are locally enforced and the permissive codes are only applicable if a local government chooses to adopt and enforce one or more of these codes. These codes are as follows:
As noted above, the building, one and two family dwelling residential, fire, plumbing, mechanical, gas, electrical, energy, and swimming pool codes are mandatory codes, meaning that under Georgia law, any structure built in Georgia must comply with these codes, whether or not the local government chooses to locally enforce these codes.
In addition, since Georgia law gives the enumerated codes statewide applicability, it is not required that local governments have to adopt the mandatory codes. Local governments must, however, adopt administrative procedures in order to enforce them (O.C.G.A. Section 8-2-25(a)). However, the local government can choose which of the mandatory codes it wishes to locally enforce.
The remaining codes are referred to as permissive codes. Unlike the mandatory codes, in order for a local government to enforce one or more of these permissive codes, that code or codes must be adopted, either by ordinance or resolution, by the local jurisdiction. A copy of the ordinance or resolution adopted must be forwarded to DCA (O.C.G.A. Section 8-2-25 (b)).
In order to properly administer and enforce the state minimum standard codes, local governments must adopt reasonable administrative provisions. The power to adopt these administrative procedures is set forth in O.C.G.A. Section 8-2-26(a)(1). These provisions should include procedural requirements for the enforcement of the codes, provisions for hearings, provisions for appeals from decisions of local inspectors, and any other procedures necessary for the proper local administration and enforcement of the state minimum standard codes. These powers include:
DCA periodically reviews, amends and/or updates the state minimum standard codes. If a local government chooses to locally enforce any of these codes, it must enforce the latest editions and the amendments adopted by DCA.
DCA has developed a sample resolution/ordinance that may be used as a guide for local governments in the development of their administrative procedures. Please contact DCA for a copy of this sample resolution/ordinance and for any technical assistance needed in the development of a local code enforcement program.
It should be noted that The Uniform Codes Act states that the appendices of the codes are not enforceable unless referenced in the body of the code, adopted by DCA, or specifically adopted by a municipality or county. If any appendices have been adopted by DCA, they will be noted in the Georgia amendments as such.
The Uniform Codes Act provides that local governments may, under certain conditions, adopt local amendments to the state minimum standard codes. Please note that DCA does not approve or disapprove any local amendment. The department provides a recommendation only. However, in order to enforce any local amendment, the local government must submit the proposed amendment to DCA for review (O.C.G.A. Section 8-2-25(c)).
After submittal of the proposed local amendment, DCA has 60 days in which to forward its recommendations to the local government. DCA may respond in three ways: recommend adoption of the amendment, recommend the amendment not be adopted, or have no comment on the proposal. If DCA recommends against the adoption of the proposed amendment, the local governing body must vote specifically to reject DCA's recommendation before the local amendment can be adopted and enforced. If DCA fails to respond within the 60-day time frame, the local government may adopt the proposed local amendment.
PLEASE NOTE: There are Georgia Amendments to the codes, above. Please contact the Construction Codes and Industrialized Buildings Section for more information concerning these amendments.
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