Rotter Test
Rosalyn Pomposo
The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank is an attempt to standardize the sentence completion method for the use at college level. Forty stems are completed by the subject. These completions are then scored by comparing them against typical items in empirically derived scoring manuals for men and women and by assigning to each response a scale value from 0 to 6. The total score is an index of maladjustment
The sentence completion method of studying personality is a semi structured projective technique in which the subject is asked to finish a sentence for which the first word or words are supplied. As in other projective devices, it is assumed that the subject reflects his own wishes, desires, fears and attitudes in the sentences he makes. Historically, the incomplete sentence method is related most closely to the word association test. In some test incomplete sentences tests only a single word or brief response is called for; the major differences appears to be in the length of the stimulus. In the sentence completion tests, tendencies to block and to twist the meaning of the stimulus words appear and the responses may be categorized in a somewhat similar fashion to the word association method.
The Incomplete Sentences Blank consists of forty items revised from a form used by Rotter and Willermann (11) in the army. This form was, in turn, a revision of blanks used by Shor (15), Hutt (5), and Holzberg (4) at the Mason General Hospital. In the development of the ISB, two objectives were kept in mind. One aim was to provide a technique which could be used objectively for screening and experimental purposes. It was felt that this technique should have at least some of the advantages of projective methods, and also be economical from the point of view of administration and scoring. A second goal was to obtain information of rather specific diagnostic value for treatment purposes.
The Incomplete Sentences Blank can be used, of course, for general interpretation with a variety of subjects in much the same manner that a clinician trained in dynamic psychology uses any projective material. However, a feature of ISB is that one can derive a single over-all adjustment score. This over-all adjustment score is of particular value for screening purposes with college students and in experimental studies. The ISB has also been used in a vocational guidance center to select students requiring broader counseling than was usually given, in experimental studies of the effect of psychotherapy and in investigations of the relationship of adjustment to a variety of variables.
Locus of control was discovered by the American psychologist Julian B. Rotter in 1954. Today, the concept is widely used in fields such as educational psychology, health psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, and clinical psychology.
The Locus of Control Test (IDR-LCT) was developed by IDRlabs. The IDR-LCT is based on the work of Dr. Julian B. Rotter, Ph.D., who created the Locus of Control Scale (LCS). The IDR-LCT is not associated with any specific researchers in the field of personality psychology, counseling psychology, or any affiliated research institutions.
The test provides feedback such as the following: Highly external locus of control: People with a very high external locus of control do not believe that their actions or decisions have much impact on the outcomes in their lives. They strongly feel that they cannot better their situation through their own efforts and that results are decided by external forces such as fate, luck, coincidence, or other people whom they regard as powerful authorities. Thus, they usually look to outside circumstances, credit chance for their successes, and generally feel powerless in their lives. They may also be more significantly prone to experience learned helplessness; that is, the inability to find solutions even when they are accessible.
The work of Dr. Rotter has informed the diagnostic criteria in the form of the widely used tool, the Locus of Control Scale. The present test is intended for educational purposes only. IDRlabs and the present IDRlabs Locus of Control Test are independent of the above researchers, organizations, or their affiliated institutions.
The IDRlabs Locus of Control Test is based on a famous and well-regarded tool that measures your perception of how your own attributes or external forces influence a reward. However, free online tests and quizzes such as this one are solely first takes and cannot provide accurate assessments of your potential attitude. Hence, the test is intended to be used for educational purposes only. A definitive personality, attitude, or relationship assessment can be made only by a qualified, pertinent professional.
Explosives are dangerous goods and must have been assigned aclassification by the Competent Authority of a Contracting Party tothe European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage ofDangerous Goods by Road (ADR) before they are consigned forcarriage by road in Great Britain.
The UN produces a 'Manual of Tests and Criteria' which containsthe test methods and procedures relating toexplosives and is one of the methods that can be used for theclassification of dangerous goods.
Where classifications for commercial explosives in Great Britainare awarded by HSE, classifications for military explosives areawarded by the Secretary of State for Defence. The DefenceOrdnance, Munitions and Explosives Safety Regulator is appointed asthe UK Competent Authority to fulfil this role.
The Energetic Materials Testing Assessment Policy Manual ofTests (EMTAP) is one of several standards relevant to thequalification of energetic materials and associated technicalassessment for military explosives classification.
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Background & aims: Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) is one of the most challenging diagnoses in hepatology. It is frequently impossible to identify the agent that has caused iDILI in patients who take multiple medicines. We developed an in vitro method to identify drugs that cause liver injury in patients, based on drug toxicity to monocyte-derived hepatocyte-like (MH) cells from patient blood samples. We then collected data on patients who were re-exposed to drugs found to be toxic in the MH test to validate test performance.
Methods: We performed a prospective study of patients referred to the University Hospital in Munich, Germany, with acute liver injury believed to be caused by medications (300 patients were enrolled in the study and we present data from 40 patients with iDILI and re-exposure to implicated drugs). We collected data from patients on medical history, laboratory test and imaging results, findings from biopsy analyses, and medications taken. Blood samples were collected from all patients and MH cells were isolated and cultured for 10 days. MH cells were then incubated with drugs to which each patient had been exposed, and toxicity was measured based on release of lactate dehydrogenase. Agents found to be toxic to MH cells were considered as candidates for the cause of liver injury. Patients were followed up for up to 6 months after liver injury and data on drug re-exposures and subsequent liver damage within the following 3 to 24 months were associated with findings from MH tests.
Results: Our test identified 10 drugs that were toxic to MH cells from 13 patients (amoxicillin/clavulanate to cells from 2 patients; diclofenac to cells from 2 patients; methylprednisolone to cells from 2 patients; and atorvastatin, metamizole, pembrolizumab, piperacillin/tazobactam, moxifloxacin, duloxetine, or sertraline each to cells from 1 patient). Thirteen patients had a recurrence of liver injury after inadvertent re-exposure to a single drug, and the MH test correctly identified 12 of the 13 drugs that caused these liver re-injury events. All 86 drugs that were not toxic to MH cells in our assay were safely resumed by patients and were not associated with liver re-injury in 27 patients. Therefore, the MH test identifies drugs that cause liver injury with 92.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity (1 false-negative and 12 true-positive results).
Conclusions: We developed a test to identify drugs that cause liver injury in patients based on their toxicity to MH cells isolated from patients with DILI. We validated results from the assay and found it to identify drugs that cause DILI with 92.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The MH cell test could be a tool to identify causes of iDILI, even in patients taking multiple medications. ClinicalTrials.gov no: NCT 02353455.
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The social learning theory, from which the idea of the locus of control originally arose, suggests that we learn by observing what goes on around us, leading us to form beliefs that specific behavior results in predictable outcomes (Rotter, 1966).
Individuals who feel a high degree of control over the events and outcomes in their lives have an internal locus of control. Typically, they believe they are in control of their fate and that results reflect the amount of energy they exert (Galvin et al., 2018).
And it matters. The locus of control and related beliefs affect our cognition and behavior and, as such, have a vital role to play across multiple areas of our lives. While an internal locus of control is typically beneficial, too much can have potential downsides, such as being overly self-reliant and failing to ask for help (Galvin et al., 2018).
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