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Erminia Mckissack
Scientists have discovered a new way that resistivity can cause instabilities in the plasma edge, where temperatures and pressures rise sharply. By incorporating resistivity into models that predict the behavior of plasma, a soup of electrons and atomic nuclei that makes up 99% of the visible universe, scientists can design systems for future fusion facilities that make the plasma more stable.
Scientists want the plasma to be stable because instabilities can lead to plasma eruptions known as edge-localized modes (ELMs) that can damage internal components of the tokamak over time, requiring those components to be replaced more frequently. Future fusion reactors will have to run without stopping for repairs, however, for months at a time.
Physicists use a computer model known as EPED to predict the behavior of plasma in conventional tokamaks, but the predictions produced by the code for a variety of plasma machines known as spherical tokamaks are not always accurate. Physicists are studying spherical tokamaks, compact facilities such as the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment-Upgrade (NSTX-U) at PPPL that resemble cored apples, as a possible design for a fusion pilot plant.
Using the high-powered computers in the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science user facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, Kleiner and the team tried adding resistivity to a plasma model and found that the predictions started matching observations.
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"A fusion center is a collaborative effort of two or more agencies that provide resources, expertise and information to the center with the goal of maximizing their ability to detect, prevent, investigate, and respond to criminal and terrorist activity."
State and major urban area fusion centers (fusion centers) serve as primary focal points within the state and local environment for the receipt, analysis, gathering, and sharing of threat-related information among federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) partners. Located in states and major urban areas throughout the country, fusion centers are uniquely situated to empower front-line law enforcement, public safety, fire service (PDF - 22 pages, 2.21 MB), emergency response, public health, critical infrastructure protection (PDF - 30 pages, 3.54 MB) and private sector security personnel to lawfully gather and share threat-related information. They provide interdisciplinary expertise and situational awareness to inform decision-making at all levels of government. Fusion centers conduct analysis and facilitate information sharing, assisting law enforcement and homeland security partners in preventing, protecting against, and responding to crime and terrorism. Fusion centers are owned and operated by state and local entities with support from federal partners in the form of:
Our nation faces an evolving threat environment, in which threats not only emanate from outside our borders, but also from within our communities. This new environment demonstrates the increasingly critical role fusion centers play to support the sharing of threat-related information between the federal government and SLTT partners.
In 2007, the National Strategy for Information Sharing called for the establishment of "baseline operational standards" for fusion centers. In 2008, the federal government, in collaboration with SLTT partners, published the Baseline Capabilities for State and Major Urban Area Fusion Centers (PDF, 37 pages - 4.6 MB) to establish baseline operational standards and to outline the capabilities necessary for fully operational fusion centers. By achieving the baseline capabilities, a fusion center will have the necessary structures, processes, and tools in place to support the fusion process.
Additionally, both Fusion Center Directors and the federal government identified the protection of privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties (P/CRCL) as a key priority and an important enabling capability to ensure fusion centers protect the privacy and other legal rights of Americans, while supporting homeland security efforts.
Strengthening the ability of fusion centers to execute the COCs and ensure P/CRCL protections is critical to building an integrated National Network of Fusion Centers capable of sharing information with the federal government and SLTT partners during situations involving time-sensitive and emerging threats. In September 2010, federal, state, and local officials conducted a Baseline Capabilities Assessment (BCA), the first formal assessment of fusion center capabilities. The data collected during the BCA provided a snapshot of fusion center capabilities and identified major trends, as well as strengths and gaps across the National Network.
The current focus of the federal government is to support fusion centers in mitigating the capability gaps identified by the BCA and to assist fusion centers in reaching an enhanced level of capability for all four COCs and P/CRCL protections. The Department of Homeland Security, in coordination with federal interagency partners, has developed and provided a wide range of resources and services, including a guidebook, sample policies, templates, best practices, workshops, and various training sessions, to support fusion centers in strengthening their COCs and P/CRCL protections. The Department will continue to assist fusion centers in fully achieving and maintaining the COCs and P/CRCL protections.
In recent years, partners at all levels of government have reiterated the need for unified and coordinated support for fusion centers. The federal government is committed to assisting them in becoming centers of analytic excellence that serve as focal points for the receipt, analysis, gathering, and sharing of threat-related information among federal and SLTT partners. Federal interagency partners, including Department of Homeland Security, Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Program Manager for the ISE, Office of National Drug Control Policy, and Department of Defense, are committed to providing effective, efficient, and coordinated federal support to fusion centers. In turn, fusion centers support their SLTT partners by developing actionable intelligence, disseminating relevant information to homeland security partners, participating in the Nationwide SAR Initiative, and supporting the maturation of their statewide fusion processes.
A new experiment appears to have triggered ignition for the first time, at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the US, recreating the extreme temperatures and pressures found at the heart of the Sun.
This has produced more energy than any previous inertial confinement fusion experiment, and proves ignition is possible, paving the way for reactions that produce more energy than they need to get started.
After ten years of steady progress towards demonstrating ignition, the results of experiments over the last year have been more spectacular, as small improvements in the fusion energy output are strongly amplified by the ignition process. The pace of improvement in energy output has been rapid, suggesting we may soon reach more energy milestones, such as exceeding the energy input from the lasers used to kick-start the process.
Co-director of the Centre for Inertial Fusion Studies at Imperial, Professor Steven Rose, said: The NIF team have done an extraordinary job. This is the most significant advance in inertial fusion since its beginning in 1972.
For this reason, a way to create efficient fusion reactions has been sought for decades to produce clean energy using few resources. However, fusion reactions have proven difficult to control and to date, no fusion experiment has produced more energy than has been put in to get the reaction going.
"The team at the National Ignition Facility, and their partners around the world, deserve every plaudit for overcoming some of the most fearsome scientific and engineering challenges that humanity has ever taken on. The extraordinary energy release achieved will embolden nuclear fusion efforts the world over, lending momentum to a trend that was already well underway."
A year after the famous Utah press conference, cold fusion is a diminishing focus for professional belief. The authors of last year's fuss now have a responsibility to make the details of their work public.
I've created an assembly definition asset to separate my code in an independent assembly definition, and that seems to be the problem. If I move BasicSpawner to Assembly-CSharp (Unity's default assembly), there are no compilation errors. However, this is not a possibility, as working in an independent assembly is one of the foundations of our projects.
Since 1969, the return of a human mission to the Moon has never seemed so close. Although scientific interest continued to flourish, space programmes had for many decades abandoned it in favour of the International Space Station and missions to explore the solar system. Dominated by the growing competition between the United States and China, the return to the Moon is now motivated by a desire to study and possibly exploit resources that can be found there.
Findings regarding the corrosion resistance of two promising structural materials for fusion reactors were recently reported by ScienceDaily. The research, published in the April 1 issue of Corrosion Science, was conducted by a team led by Masatoshi Kondo of the Tokyo Institute of Technology. The researchers describe details of the high-temperature compatibility of the two materials with the liquid breeding blanket (BB) surrounding the reactor core.
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