50 Nuances De...
Mina Spartin
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Methods: A narrative bibliographic review was conducted. In the research, national and international articles were selected from the PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases using the descriptors "sedentary lifestyle, cardiovascular risk, physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, and cardiovascular risks."
Discussion: Both physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are related to metabolic and organic changes, promoting a chronic proinflammatory state, cardiac remodeling, increased body adiposity, and skeletal muscle dysfunction. It is possibly stated that both of them result in a higher risk of developing chronic diseases, resulting in higher global and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with nuances in their intrinsic effects.
Conclusions: It is inferred that both physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are cardiovascular risk factors that can be modified with the correct clinical approach. It is necessary to differentiate physically inactive individuals from those with a high number of sedentary behaviors. These concepts need better clinical applicability to improve the prevention of primary and secondary cardiovascular risks.
The concept of primary maternal preoccupation, introduced by Donald Winnicott in the 1960's, refers to a state of profound attunement between the mother and the infant during the first months of the baby's life, implying in the temporary retrieval of her personal investments to be able to deeply identify herself to the emotional needs of her baby. Our question in this article then consists in how, in the present socio-cultural context, especially in the middle classes, the establishment of this delicate maternal state occurs. We observed that the increase in social demands on women, principally in relation to professional investments, compared to what we had at the time the concept was created, has repercussions on the maternal experience, adding new nuances to the state of primary maternal preoccupation.
O conceito de preocupao materna primria, cunhado por Donald Winnicott nos anos 1960, refere-se a um estado de profunda sintonia entre a me e o seu beb nos primeiros tempos de vida, implicando no esmaecimento temporrio dos investimentos pessoais dela em prol da profunda identificao com as necessidades emocionais do beb. Nossa questo neste artigo, ento, consiste em como, no contexto sociocultural atual, especialmente nas classes mdias, o estabelecimento desse estado materno delicado ocorre. Observamos que o aumento das demandas sociais sobre a mulher, principalmente com relao a investimentos profissionais, em comparao ao que tnhamos quando o referido conceito foi criado, traz repercusses para a experincia materna, conferindo novas nuances ao estado de preocupao materna primria.
Le concept de proccupation maternelle primaire, cr par Donald Winnicott dans les annes 1960, fait rfrence un tat d'harmonisation profonde entre la mre et son bb dans les premires annes de la vie, impliquant la disparition temporaire de ses investissements personnels en faveur d'une identification profonde avec les besoins motionnels du bb. Notre question dans cet article est donc de savoir comment, dans le contexte socioculturel actuel, notamment dans les classes moyennes, se produit l'tablissement de cet tat maternel dlicat. Nous avons observ que l'augmentation des demandes sociaux aux femmes, notamment en relation aux investissements professionnels, par rapport au concept de proccupation maternelle primaire quand il a t cr, a des rpercussions sur l'exprience maternelle, donnant de nouvelles nuances l'tat de proccupation maternelle.
El concepto de preocupacin materna primaria, acuado por Donald Winnicott en los aos 1960, se refiere a un estado de profunda sintona entre la madre y su beb en los primeros tiempos de vida, implicando en el desvanecimiento temporal de los investimentos personales de ella en pro de la profunda identificacin con las necesidades emocionales del beb. Nuestra cuestin en este artculo, entonces, consiste en cmo, en el contexto sociocultural actual, especialmente en las clases medias, el establecimiento de ese estado materno delicado ocurre. Se observ que el aumento de las demandas sociales sobre la mujer, principalmente con relacin a investimentos profesionales, en comparacin a lo que tenamos cuando el referido concepto fue creado, trae repercusiones para la experiencia materna, dando nuevos matices al estado de preocupacin materna primaria.
The subjective position of the mother in the early life of the child was vastly theorized by the English pediatrician and psychoanalyst Donald W. Winnicott in the 1960s. From his studies and observations on the initial subjective development of the human being in the context of primary object, the English author states that one cannot properly think of a baby without considering its necessary and fundamental prosthesis - the mother or who exercises the maternal function - which needs to accompany, sustain and contain the small body composed of non-integrated and boundless parts inside/ outside, I /other established. It is not possible to conceive one without the other since their existences - and their continuity - are mutually interdependent. Thus, the subject of the primitive mother-baby relationship is of the utmost importance, precisely because, absolutely dependent, the baby needs a sensitive and dedicated caregiver to gradually steadily climb the process of subjective constitution through decreasing degrees of dependence.
We will approach in this sense the extremely specialized ability of the mother to assist the baby in the grandiose undertaking of subjectivation, based on an in-depth analysis of the classical Winnicottian concept of primary maternal preoccupation (Winnicott, 1956/1982). This expression refers to a maternal condition that usually begins at the end of the pregnancy extending into the first months of the baby's life. It is hoped, when we are dealing with psychically healthy mothers, that occours a deep identification of the mother with the states of being of her baby, as if the subjective center of the woman has moved to her child, promoting the disinvestment of the subjective questions themselves. Our question in this article then refers to how, in the socio-cultural context of the present, especially in the middle classes, the establishment of this delicate maternal state occurs. We observed that the increase in social demands on women, especially in relation to professional investments, compared to what we had at the time the concept was created, has repercussions on the maternal experience, adding new nuances to the state of primary maternal preoccupation.
Let us consider this quotation to reflect on the biological conditioning of the woman who becomes the mother to her maternal task. Because they are extremely intense physiological and emotional experiences, it is important to note the fundamental role of gestation, delivery and breastfeeding in the process of mother-infant bonding. In a very complex context of continuities and ruptures, with the birth of the child, a new state of things already intuited or imagined months before is actually deployed and then a third presents itself in the life of the couple in all their corporeality. According to the literature and as observed in the cases of followed in the field research (Santos, 2017), the unborn baby is a familiar stranger, bearer of the dual virtual object status (Missonier, 2004): neither completely external nor completely internal, since even though it is a separate object, it is still conceived exclusively from the parental symbolic anticipations of the time of the gestar. Thus, despite the griefs and strangeness that occurs when the imaginary baby gives way to the actual baby, there is something of the order of continuity that is essential for the establishment of primary maternal preoccupation: a symbolic bond based on a bodily bond between mother and baby.
That little being that has never been seen before, except through screens on the ultrasound examination, is finally present. And if given opportunity, he will certainly show his great preference for his mother's lap than anyone else's. It seems that that smell, that voice, the warmth it exudes are like reassuring balms to the newborn, who actively seek to reestablish the old broken bodily connection. He identifies through those sensory perceptions a familiarity that brings him the longed for sense of security. Obviously, it will not be possible to return to its primeval habitat, the maternal womb, but at least the contact with that body that has carried it for so long becomes fundamental for its physical and psychic survival. We know, of course, that many children resist life even when separated from their biological mother from birth, but not without the marks of this devastating rupture felt by the baby as a traumatic violence.
Such is the childish need for the maintenance of their physical references, which, on the other hand, nature also seems to have biologically equipped the woman to respond to this demand of the child. However, as in the human species the symbolic field has a preponderant role, the biological conditioning of what Winnicott tells us, as a potential, is only updated if there is really a subjective opening of the woman who becomes the mother to the task entrusted to her. The fact that the baby is a creation or a fruit of its own brings with it a captivating potential of a narcissistic nature, since, as a similar one, it is a human being who will go through the same stages of development, receiving as a baggage for his walk the inheritance left experiences, way of life and perspectives of parents.
We thus perceive that the psychic field has enormous influence on the instinctual or biological sphere, favoring or hindering the expression of the female caring nature. Thus, identified with the vulnerability of the offspring that emerges from the depths of her body, as a part of herself, the woman who becomes a mother is summoned ethically - not instinctively - to provide the fundamental care of which she had once been an object. Thus, the primary maternal preoccupation is a state that emerges naturally, through the action of biological factors, when there are subjective and intersubjective conditions for its establishment, that is, when the return of children and the environment in which they are the woman in the process of becoming a mother converge towards the support of this maternal opening to the child.
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