Divergencia 3

[Desiderato Merriwether]

Estadefinicin est directamente relacionada con el concepto de flujo del campo. Como en el caso del flujo, si la divergencia en un punto es positiva, se dice que el campo posee fuentes. Si la divergencia es negativa, se dice que tiene sumideros. El ejemplo ms caracterstico lo dan las cargas elctricas, que dan la divergencia del campo elctrico, siendo las cargas positivas fuentes y las negativas sumideros del campo elctrico.

Sin embargo, para un caso ms general de coordenadas ortogonales curvilneas, como las cilndricas o las esfricas, la expresin se complica debido a la dependencia de los vectores de la base con la posicin. La expresin para un sistema de coordenadas ortogonales es:

En sistemas de coordenadas generales, no necesariamente ortogonales, la divergencia de un vector puede expresarse en trminos de las derivadas parciales respecto a las coordenadas y el determinante del tensor mtrico:

Por ejemplo, en teora de la relatividad especial la energa de un sistema se representa por un tensor simtrico de segundo orden, cuya divergencia es cero. De hecho el principio de conservacin de la energa relativista toma la forma:

El teorema de la divergencia, tambin llamado teorema de Gauss, relaciona el flujo de un campo vectorial a travs de una superficie cerrada con la integral de la divergencia de dicho campo en el interior del volumen encerrado por una superficie. Ese resultado lo hace interesante tanto en aplicaciones relacionadas con la electrosttica como en la mecnica de fluidos.

La divergencia en MACD es una situacin donde el precio crea puntos o pivotes altos ms altos mientras el MACD forma puntos ms bajos; o viceversa. La divergencia en MACD despus de una tendencia alcista indica que los compradores estn perdiendo poder; la divergencia despus de una tendencia bajista muestra que los vendedores estn perdiendo poder.

En este caso en el SPX, si vemos el precio, vemos una divergencia entre el precio y el indicador. Despus de una tendencia alcista el precio empieza a perder momentum, las velas se reducen y el mercado se alenta.

El precio crea un alto ms alto, la lnea va hacia arriba. El indicador muestra un alto ms bajo, la lnea va hacia abajo. Esta divergencia nos anticipa ante un cambio de tendencia, el momentum cambia de alcista a bajista.

La divergencia en MACD no es suficiente para tomar la operacin contraria al precio, pero junto con patrones de precio y oferta/demanda podemos anticiparnos a un nuevo movimiento contrario y oportunidades de operacin.

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La divergencia de Jensen-Shannon (JS) mide en qu medida las distribuciones de etiquetas de diferentes facetas divergen entrpicamente entre s. Se basa en la divergencia de Kullback-Leibler, pero es simtrica.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of the genotype-envi ronment interaction on genetically divergent soybean grown under semiarid conditions. Four experiments were carried out in randomized blocks with four replicates to evaluate twenty-one soybean genotypes. The following descriptors were used to quantify diver gence: plant height, dry matter, oil content, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, the weight of 100 seeds, yield, days for flowering, and days for maturation. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean was used to group the genotypes from the Mahalanobis distance matrix estimated using the genotypic means estimated by the REML/BLUP method. The grouping of genotypes depended mainly on the effects of the interaction between genotypes and years. The joint analysis, without the effect of the inter action, allowed us to obtain two groups of genotypes. The most recommended crosses were those of the lines BRS Tracaj, BRS Prola, BRS Carnaba, M 8644 IPRO, BRS 8590, and BMX OPUS IPRO with the genotype BRS Sambaba, especially the one between BMX OPUS IPRO and BRS Sambaba.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la influencia de la interaccin genotipo por ambiente en estudios de divergencia gentica en soja en condiciones semiridas. Se realizaron cuatro experimentos con un diseo de bloques completos aleatorizados con cuatro repeticiones donde se evaluaron 21 genotipos de soja. Se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores para cuantificar la divergencia: altura de planta, materia seca, contenido de aceite, nmero de vainas por planta, nmero de granos por vaina, peso de cien semillas, rendimiento, das a floracin y das a maduracin. Se utiliz el mtodo jerrquico UPGMA para agrupar los genotipos de la matriz de distancias de Mahalanobis mediante las medias genotpicas estimadas por el mtodo REML / BLUP. La agrupacin de genotipos depende de las condiciones de evaluacin, principalmente debido a los efectos de la interaccin genotipo por aos. El anlisis conjunto, sin la presencia del efecto de interaccin, permite obtener dos grupos de genotipos. Los cruzamientos ms adecuados involucran los genotipos BRS Tracaj, BRS Prola, BRS Carnaba, M 8644 IPRO, BRS 8590 y BMX OPUS IPRO, y el genotipo BRS Sambaba, especialmente el entre BMX OPUS IPRO y el genotipo BRS Sambaba, que es el de mayor disimilitud.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is a legume of great importance in the world economy because of its extensive cultivation and world trade. It is widely used as a raw material in animal feed, food, vegetable oils, biofuel, and the chemical industry. Brazil is the largest exporter and the second-largest producer of oilseeds. In the 2019/2020 harvest, the country had an average productivity of 3.321 kg ha-1, resulting from a production of 118.8 million tons of grain in 35,760.4 thousand hectares of land. During this harvest, the culti vated area increased by 1.7% relative to the past harvest 2,10, due to the expansion of the agricultural frontier with the exploration of the Brazilian semiarid region. Consid ering the need for irrigation, as well as the high temperatures that prevail in the semi-arid region, this expansion may constitute an opportunity for the diversification of crops in the region, particularly for seed production since irrigated crops require greater investment. Therefore, it is necessary to work with cultivars adapted to the new growing conditions, which requires the evaluation of the behavior of soybean genotypes under the non-edaphoclimatic and specific desired agricultural conditions. It is crucial to consider the possibility of not finding an adapted genotype with the desired characteristics among those available. In this case, it is necessary to work with breeders to develop adapted cultivars with charac teristics suitable for the market.

The cultivar experiments, sometimes called value of cultivation and use (VCU) tests, are generally carried out in different environments, either local or through years of cultivation, characteristic of the region of interest. When several genotypes are evaluated in more than one environment, the presence of a genotype-environment interaction is common (G E). This phenomenon is defined as the differential behavior of genotypes across environments and assumes an important role in phenotypic manifestation. The G E interaction, when predominantly qualitative or crossed, hinders the selection process or recommendation of cultivars, since the order of genotypes is altered in the assessment environments.

Information on genotypic performance may also be relevant when choosing the parent strains for breeding programs. In this context, although productivity is the character istic of greatest interest, other characteristics are relevant for soybeans and are therefore considered in the genotypic evaluation. When information on various traits-whether morphological, agronomic, biochemical, or molecular-is available, it becomes possible to carry out genetic divergence studies. However, even though the presence of genotype-en vironment interaction in soybeans and other crops is notorious, there is little information about its influence on divergence studies since genetic divergence studies are generally performed in only one evaluation environment.

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